Question 1

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly

Accepted Answer

A)   after an appropriate UR.
B)   after an appropriate US.
C)   before an appropriate UR.
D)   before an appropriate US.

Question 2

Conditioning is the process of

Accepted Answer

A)   discrimination.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   learning associations.
D)   observational learning.

Question 3

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying

Accepted Answer

A)   observational learning.
B)   respondent behavior.
C)   spontaneous recovery.
D)   operant conditioning.

Question 4

To obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?

Accepted Answer

A)   extinction
B)   generalization
C)   classical conditioning
D)   discrimination

Question 5

In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned response.
B)   unconditioned stimulus.
C)   unconditioned response.
D)   conditioned stimulus.

Question 6

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A)   extinction.
B)   discrimination.
C)   conditioned reinforcement.
D)   latent learning.

Question 7

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was

Accepted Answer

A)   a tone.
B)   salivation to the sound of a tone.
C)   the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.
D)   salivation to the food in the mouth.

Question 8

In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the ________ and the white rat was the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   CS; CR
B)   US; CS
C)   CS; US
D)   US; CR

Question 9

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n)  ________ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n)  ________ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned; neutral
B)   neutral; conditioned
C)   conditioned; unconditioned
D)   unconditioned; conditioned

Question 10

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were

Accepted Answer

A)   unconditioned responses.
B)   primary reinforcers.
C)   conditioned responses.
D)   conditioned reinforcers.

Question 11

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   generalization.
B)   secondary reinforcement.
C)   stimulus predictability.
D)   spontaneous recovery.

Question 12

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

Accepted Answer

A)   it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning.
B)   so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.
C)   it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning.
D)   all learning depends on reinforcement.

Question 13

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive learning.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   respondent behavior.
D)   associative learning.

Question 14

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)   discrimination.
B)   generalization.
C)   spontaneous recovery.
D)   secondary reinforcement.

Question 15

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n)  ________ for Colin's fear.

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforcer
B)   conditioned stimulus
C)   secondary reinforcer
D)   unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

Accepted Answer

A)   US.
B)   UR.
C)   CS.
D)   CR.

Question 17

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   unconditioned stimulus.
B)   unconditioned response.
C)   conditioned stimulus.
D)   conditioned response.

Question 18

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforcement
B)   classical conditioning
C)   observational learning
D)   operant conditioning

Question 19

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a

Accepted Answer

A)   US.
B)   CS.
C)   UR.
D)   CR.

Question 20

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   generalization.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   classical conditioning.
D)   higher-order conditioning.

Exam 20: Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) ________ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) ________ stimulus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the ________ and the white rat was the ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Conditioning is the process of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) stimulus.

Correct Answer
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In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the and the white rat was the .

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