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To your chagrin,you and your labmate have discovered that you both labeled your petri dishes "A","B",and "C".How can you distinguish your sea urchin gastrula embryos from her frog gastrula embryos?


A) Unlike frogs,sea urchins are deuterostomes,which form the anus first and the mouth second.
B) Sea urchin cells migrate inside to form the archenteron,whereas in frogs proliferation of dividing cells from the dorsal lip populate the inside of the embryo.
C) Sea urchins have relatively yolk-poor eggs with similar animal and vegetal poles,whereas frogs have large amounts of yolk distinguishing the vegetal pole from the animal pole.
D) Frogs have an animal pole and vegetal pole,whereas urchins have only a vegetal pole.

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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What would be the result of a mutation that reduces the amount of acrosomal enzymes?


A) Male infertility due to inability of the sperm to tunnel through the blastula.
B) Male infertility due to inability of the sperm to tunnel through the zona pellucida.
C) Female infertility due to blockage of sperm from tunneling through the allantois.
D) Female infertility due to blockage of sperm from tunneling through the archenteron.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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What problem would result from disrupted development of the allantois in both birds and mammals?


A) Inability to retain the fluid that surrounds the embryo
B) Inability to form the placenta
C) Problems with gas exchange
D) Loss of nutritional stores

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Egg activation by sperm entry is associated with a sudden increase in protein synthesis.What must be true of these proteins?


A) They are histone proteins.
B) They are small peptides.
C) They are from maternal mRNAs.
D) They are from paternal mRNAs.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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What event initiates development?


A) fertilization
B) cleavage
C) gastrulation
D) organogenesis

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Your research project involves sea cucumbers,a poorly-understood group of echinoderms.You are trying to determine whether they block polyspermy by changing membrane potential like sea urchins do.In the chart below,you have counted the number of embryos that complete normal development after fertilization in either normal or low-sodium artificial sea water (ASW) ,for each of three sets of experiments.Looking over your data,what do you conclude? Your research project involves sea cucumbers,a poorly-understood group of echinoderms.You are trying to determine whether they block polyspermy by changing membrane potential like sea urchins do.In the chart below,you have counted the number of embryos that complete normal development after fertilization in either normal or low-sodium artificial sea water (ASW) ,for each of three sets of experiments.Looking over your data,what do you conclude?   A) Sea cucumbers appear not to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,which use an influx of Na<sup>+</sup> that changes the membrane potential. B) Sea cucumbers appear not to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,which use an outflow of Na<sup>+</sup> that changes the membrane potential. C) Sea cucumbers appear to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,via an influx of Na<sup>+</sup> that changes the membrane potential. D) Sea cucumbers appear to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,via an outflow of Na<sup>+</sup> that changes the membrane potential.


A) Sea cucumbers appear not to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,which use an influx of Na+ that changes the membrane potential.
B) Sea cucumbers appear not to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,which use an outflow of Na+ that changes the membrane potential.
C) Sea cucumbers appear to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,via an influx of Na+ that changes the membrane potential.
D) Sea cucumbers appear to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,via an outflow of Na+ that changes the membrane potential.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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The head of a sperm is capped with an organelle that contains glycoprotein-digesting enzymes.What is this organelle called?


A) zona pellucida
B) acrosome
C) granulosa
D) blastula
E) neural cap

F) D) and E)
G) C) and E)

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Which of the following regarding the Spemann organizer is true? (Check all that apply.)


A) Signaling molecules from the organizer inhibit ventral development.
B) The dorsal lip cells directly activate dorsal development.
C) The organizer determines the dorsal-ventral axis.
D) The organizer forms in the area of the grey crescent.
E) The point of sperm entry determines the orientation of the organizer.

F) B) and E)
G) C) and E)

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What would result if an error inside gastrulation caused too few cells inside the archenteron?


A) Too little endoderm,resulting in missing gut and organs
B) Too little ectoderm,resulting in missing nervous system or skin
C) Problems in muscle development
D) Too little protoderm,resulting in missing organs

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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