Question 1

Hedonic value refers to _____, while motivational value refers to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   how much one wants a reinforcer; how much one likes a reinforcer
B)   how much one likes a reinforcer; how much one wants a reinforcer
C)   the strength of a reinforcer; the salience of a stimulus
D)   the salience of a stimulus; the strength of a reinforcer

Question 2

What is the role of the dorsal striatum in operant conditioning? Discuss one piece of evidence to support the claim.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: Role-it is important f...

Question 3

The doctor advises Vince that his blood pressure is high and that he must make changes in his diet, which consist of three pots of coffee a day. After leaving the doctor's office, he walks into a coffee shop and orders two espressos to go. Vince is exhibiting the sign of _____ addiction.

Accepted Answer

A)   neurological
B)   behavioral
C)   pathological
D)   nonspecific

Question 4

Positive reinforcement involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   adding; increase
B)   adding; decrease
C)   taking away; increase
D)   taking away; decrease

Question 5

If it rains, opening the umbrella keeps one from getting wet. Escaping from getting wet would be _____ of the behavior of opening the umbrella.

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement
B)   positive punishment
C)   negative reinforcement
D)   negative punishment

Question 6

In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   In classical conditioning, learning is fastest during the early trials, while, in operant conditioning, learning is fastest during the later trials.
B)   In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal's behavior, while, in operant conditioning, it only arrives once the animal has made a response.
C)   Classical conditioning can be used to train animals to make responses they would not normally make; operant conditioning cannot be used to do this.
D)   Extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning.

Question 7

Suppose a teenager spends more time talking on the phone than doing her homework. According to the Premack principle, how could her parents get their daughter to do her homework more often?

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: There are two possibil...

Question 8

Interfering with dopamine seems to:

Accepted Answer

A)   impair motor responses but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer.
B)   reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motor responses.
C)   reduce motivation to perform a behavior but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer.
D)   reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motivation to perform a behavior.

Question 9

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   Operant conditioning shows extinction but classical conditioning does not.
B)   Classical conditioning shows extinction but operant conditioning does not.
C)   In operant conditioning, the outcome depends on the response, while, in classical conditioning, the outcome occurs, regardless of the response.
D)   In classical conditioning, the outcome depends on the response, while, in operant conditioning, the outcome occurs, regardless of the response.

Question 10

Which part of the brain seems to be especially important for maintaining habitual or automatic S-R associations?

Accepted Answer

A)   the dorsal striatum
B)   the orbitofrontal cortex
C)   the sensory cortices
D)   the ventral tegmental area

Question 11

The incentive salience hypothesis says that dopamine:

Accepted Answer

A)   gives food its "goodness" qualities.
B)   is involved in predicting future rewards.
C)   provides organisms with the motivation to work for reinforcement.
D)   reduces the ability of an organism to enjoy food and other rewards.

Question 12

Skinner's method of studying learning is known as a:

Accepted Answer

A)   discrete-trial paradigm.
B)   behavioral economics method.
C)   drive-reduction paradigm.
D)   free-operant paradigm.

Question 13

Cocaine and amphetamine work by:

Accepted Answer

A)   increasing the levels of endogenous opioids.
B)   decreasing the levels of endogenous opioids.
C)   increasing the levels of dopamine.
D)   decreasing the levels of dopamine.

Question 14

What part of the brain is responsible for making an individual feel bad for not being picked to play in the basketball game?

Accepted Answer

A)   the insular cortex
B)   the frontal cortex
C)   the dACC
D)   the orbitofrontal cortex

Question 15

In which example would one MOST likely see a steady rate of responding without any noticeable pauses?

Accepted Answer

A)   A charitable organization receives a donation for every 10 phone calls it makes on average.
B)   A teenager receives an allowance every Saturday.
C)   A college student gets a call from home every Friday morning.
D)   A blueberry picker receives $1 each time he fills three boxes.

Question 16

If one blocks dopamine in an amphetamine user, one would expect that it would:

Accepted Answer

A)   increase pleasurable feelings from the drug.
B)   suppress pleasurable feelings from the drug.
C)   suppress cravings for the drug.
D)   increase cravings for the drug.

Question 17

Suppose one wants to stop the bad habit of eating too much chocolate. Describe how one could do this using: (1) distancing, (2) reinforcement of alternative behaviors, and (3) delayed reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: (1) Distancing: stay a...

Question 18

A professor gives her class donuts every Monday. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-ratio
B)   fixed-interval
C)   variable-ratio
D)   variable-interval

Question 19

If one has been reading for hours and the idea of taking a break to clean the room sounds very attractive, one is exhibiting:

Accepted Answer

A)   chaining.
B)   the Premack principle.
C)   response deprivation.
D)   classical conditioning.

Question 20

The matching law of choice behavior states that, given two responses that are reinforced on different VI schedules, an organism will:

Accepted Answer

A)   give only the response that provides the better rate of reinforcement.
B)  respond in order to approximately match the relative rate of reinforcement for each response.
C)  Give both responses at roughly equal rates.
D)  Become confused and stop responding altogether.

Exam 5: Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors

In which example would one MOST likely see a steady rate of responding without any noticeable pauses?

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Positive reinforcement involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior.

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Hedonic value refers to _____, while motivational value refers to _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If one blocks dopamine in an amphetamine user, one would expect that it would:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If it rains, opening the umbrella keeps one from getting wet. Escaping from getting wet would be _____ of the behavior of opening the umbrella.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If one has been reading for hours and the idea of taking a break to clean the room sounds very attractive, one is exhibiting:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suppose a teenager spends more time talking on the phone than doing her homework. According to the Premack principle, how could her parents get their daughter to do her homework more often?

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: There are two possibil...View AnswerShow Answer

Interfering with dopamine seems to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The doctor advises Vince that his blood pressure is high and that he must make changes in his diet, which consist of three pots of coffee a day. After leaving the doctor's office, he walks into a coffee shop and orders two espressos to go. Vince is exhibiting the sign of _____ addiction.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which part of the brain seems to be especially important for maintaining habitual or automatic S-R associations?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the role of the dorsal striatum in operant conditioning? Discuss one piece of evidence to support the claim.

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: Role-it is important f...View AnswerShow Answer

The matching law of choice behavior states that, given two responses that are reinforced on different VI schedules, an organism will:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A professor gives her class donuts every Monday. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What part of the brain is responsible for making an individual feel bad for not being picked to play in the basketball game?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Skinner's method of studying learning is known as a:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cocaine and amphetamine work by:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suppose one wants to stop the bad habit of eating too much chocolate. Describe how one could do this using: (1) distancing, (2) reinforcement of alternative behaviors, and (3) delayed reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: (1) Distancing: stay a...View AnswerShow Answer

The incentive salience hypothesis says that dopamine:

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Positive reinforcement involves _ an outcome to _ a behavior.

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Hedonic value refers to _, while motivational value refers to _.

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Grading criteria: There are two possibil...
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Grading criteria: Role-it is important f...
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Grading criteria: (1) Distancing: stay a...
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