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Which of the following is the correct sequence of PCR?


A) Heat to 70°C (to separate DNA) , then cool to 50°C (to bind primers and enzymes) , and then reheat to 90°C (to synthesize DNA) .
B) Heat to 90°C (to separate DNA) , then cool to 50°C (to bind primers and enzymes) , and then reheat to 70°C (to synthesize DNA) .
C) Heat to 70°C (to bind primers and enzymes) , then cool to 50°C (to synthesize DNA) , and then reheat to 90°C (to separate DNA) .
D) Heat to 90°C (to bind primers and enzymes) , then cool to 50°C (to separate DNA) , and then reheat to 70°C (to synthesize DNA) .

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following is a valid scientific concern about the environment and transgenic crops?


A) Wild animals might eat the transgenic crops and become genetically mutated.
B) The toxic products of the modified genes would be released to the environment when the plants die, resulting in drastic die-offs of local wildlife.
C) Eating transgenic foods will permanently change human DNA.
D) Pollen from transgenic crops could carry the recombinant genes to wild relatives, with unpredictable consequences.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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To join a fragment of human DNA to bacterial or yeast DNA, both the human DNA and the bacterial or yeast DNA must first be treated with the same


A) DNA ligase.
B) DNA gyrase.
C) restriction enzyme.
D) DNA polymerase.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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Restriction enzymes are useful in recombinant DNA studies because they


A) cut DNA only at specific locations.
B) can reproduce in bacteria.
C) can separate pieces of DNA and RNA from each other.
D) give plasmids antibiotic properties.
E) join the cut ends of small DNA molecules.

F) None of the above
G) C) and E)

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Which of the following is currently used by the U.S. Department of Justice as a form of genetic ʺfingerprintsʺ of criminals?


A) The genes responsible for producing the unique patterns of swirls and loops on a personʹs fingers
B) PCRs
C) Plasmids
D) STRs
E) The number of introns in a chromosome

F) A) and C)
G) D) and E)

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In gel electrophoresis, DNA is separated based on charge and _________.

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In the 1990s, researchers attempted to improve the balance of amino acids in soybean protein by inserting a gene from Brazil nuts. Which of the following is the best reason as to why the transgenic soybeans have never been grown commercially?


A) Regulatory hurdles made the modified soybeans too expensive to market profitably.
B) Some people were allergic to the protein product of the Brazil nut gene.
C) The modified soybeans could not grow with the foreign gene present.
D) The public was misinformed by food-safety advocates and refused to buy products made from the modified soybeans.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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Define the term biotechnology.

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Biotechnology is any genetic a...

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DNA moves within an electric field because it


A) is positively charged.
B) is negatively charged.
C) can possess different charges (positive or negative) , depending on its base sequence.
D) makes up chromosomes, which are slightly electromagnetic.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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How many copies of a particular gene of interest are produced from a single template DNA strand after three cycles of PCR?


A) Eight
B) Three
C) Four
D) Two
E) Five

F) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

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In nature, DNA recombination occurs but it is random and undirected.

A) True
B) False

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