Question 1

Aspects of the research that allow the participants to guess the research hypothesis are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  content validity.
B)  pilot tests.
C)  demand characteristics.
D)  confound checks.

Question 2

Which of the following refers to an artifact that occurs when participants' expectations about what effect an experimental manipulation is supposed to have influences the dependent measure independently of the actual effect of the manipulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Experimental impact
B)  Experimental realism
C)  Placebo effect
D)  Attrition

Question 3

A researcher who uses only college students in her research may be trying to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase experimental control.
B)  reduce confounding.
C)  increase external validity.
D)  prevent a Type 1 error.

Question 4

In scientific research, validity refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  whether the research has been carefully conducted.
B)  whether the conclusions drawn about the research are correct.
C)  whether an experimental design has been used.
D)  whether the scientist has used a representative sample.

Question 5

A threat to internal validity that refers to the fact that the researcher knows the research hypothesis and thus causes an invalid confirmation of the research hypothesis is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  a demand characteristic.
B)  experimenter bias.
C)  a placebo effect.
D)  an informed experimenter effect.

Question 6

In a matched group research design, the participants are

Accepted Answer

A)  given a resting baseline measure.
B)  assigned to conditions on the basis of information collected prior to the experiment.
C)  assigned to two or more similar conditions.
D)  likely to experience demand effects.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a necessary goal for the creation of a valid experimental manipulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Impact
B)  The creation of initial equivalence
C)  Standardization of conditions
D)  Matching of groups

Question 8

Experimental control refers to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The use of random assignment to conditions
B)  The conduct of research in a laboratory
C)  The manipulation of the independent variable
D)  The extent to which unwanted influences on the dependent variable have been eliminated.

Question 9

Pilot testing before conducting an experiment helps to be sure that

Accepted Answer

A)  the independent variables will be interpreted as expected.
B)  the manipulation checks will show the same patterns as the confound checks.
C)  participants will be able to understand the research hypothesis.
D)  the cover story is not necessary.

Question 10

A technique in which participants are told that they will be participating in two separate experiments, but in reality the experimental manipulation is presented in the first experiment and the dependent measure is collected in the second experiment, is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  two-experiments technique.
B)  cover story technique.
C)  placebo technique.
D)  unrelated-experiments technique.

Question 11

Why would a researcher most likely use a "blind" experimenter?

Accepted Answer

A)  To decrease experimental bias
B)  To increase demand characteristics
C)  To eliminate the need for two control groups
D)  To test extrasensory perception

Question 12

Researchers who do not know the research hypothesis are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  artifact-free experimenters.
B)  baseline experimenters.
C)  blind experimenters.
D)  naive experimenters.

Question 13

A confounding variable is an example of ___________, whereas an extraneous variable is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  systematic error; experimenter error
B)  random error; systematic error
C)  experimenter error; random error
D)  systematic error; random error

Question 14

Experimenter bias refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  the mistreatment of participants.
B)  the participants' interpretation of the experimental manipulation.
C)  differences in the participants' responses to the experimental manipulation.
D)  differences in how the experimenter treats the participants.

Question 15

A variable other than the independent variable that is found to vary systematically among the conditions is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  an extraneous variable.
B)  a confounding variable.
C)  a baseline variable.
D)  a manipulation variable.

Question 16

Which of the following would NOT be useful in reducing extraneous variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  An experimental script
B)  Automated devices
C)  Controlling the length of the experimental session
D)  Providing different information to each participant

Question 17

When participants are measured on the variable of interest before the experiment begins and are then assigned to conditions on the basis of their score, the design is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  one way design.
B)  two way design.
C)  matched group design.
D)  before after design.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes manipulation checks?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are usually given after all of the dependent variables have been collected.
B)  They help determine whether the manipulation has unwittingly caused differences on confounding variables.
C)  They are always given before the dependent variables have been collected.
D)  They are designed to influence responses on the dependent measure.

Question 19

Which of the following procedures can be used to help ensure standardization of conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Automated experiments and the experimental script
B)  Manipulation checks and confound checks
C)  Experimental realism and mundane realism
D)  Internal validation and external validation

Question 20

A baseline measure is

Accepted Answer

A)  an initial measurement of the dependent variable in a before after research design.
B)  a measure that is given in case a before after research design is spurious.
C)  a measure that is accompanied by a cover story.
D)  used to increase external validity.

Exam 12: Experimental Control and Internal Validity

In scientific research, validity refers to

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A threat to internal validity that refers to the fact that the researcher knows the research hypothesis and thus causes an invalid confirmation of the research hypothesis is known as

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Which of the following would NOT be useful in reducing extraneous variables?

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When participants are measured on the variable of interest before the experiment begins and are then assigned to conditions on the basis of their score, the design is called a

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A technique in which participants are told that they will be participating in two separate experiments, but in reality the experimental manipulation is presented in the first experiment and the dependent measure is collected in the second experiment, is called the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Experimental control refers to which of the following?

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Researchers who do not know the research hypothesis are known as

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A confounding variable is an example of ___________, whereas an extraneous variable is an example of __________.

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A variable other than the independent variable that is found to vary systematically among the conditions is known as

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A baseline measure is

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A researcher who uses only college students in her research may be trying to

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Why would a researcher most likely use a "blind" experimenter?

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Which of the following best describes manipulation checks?

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Pilot testing before conducting an experiment helps to be sure that

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Experimenter bias refers to

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Aspects of the research that allow the participants to guess the research hypothesis are known as

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Which of the following is NOT a necessary goal for the creation of a valid experimental manipulation?

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In a matched group research design, the participants are

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Which of the following procedures can be used to help ensure standardization of conditions?

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Which of the following refers to an artifact that occurs when participants' expectations about what effect an experimental manipulation is supposed to have influences the dependent measure independently of the actual effect of the manipulation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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A confounding variable is an example of _, whereas an extraneous variable is an example of .

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