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Exam 13: Motivation

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Question 31

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_____ are the natural rewards associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake.

A) Extrinsic rewards
B) Intrinsic rewards
C) Motivational cues
D) Performance valences
E) Physiological rewards

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Question 32

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According to industrial psychology, job performance is an additive function of motivation, ability, and situational constraints.

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Question 33

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Driving in heavy traffic makes Hal very anxious and sometimes angry. He leaves home earlier than usual one morning and doesn't run into heavy traffic. He leaves home earlier again the next morning, and again he avoids heavy traffic. His behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic. What kind of reinforcement has occurred in this example?

In a(n) ____ reinforcement schedule, a consequence follows every instance of a behavior.

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic categories of needs are _____.

_____ is a reinforcement strategy that weakens behavior by removing a positive consequence associated with the behavior.

A(n) ____ is a target, objective, or result that someone tries to accomplish.

Because workplace injuries cost businesses a heavy sum every year, many are of the opinion that increased safety compliance needs to become a practice, not just a theory. The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level. This means that:

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the lowest-order need is _____.

What are reinforcement contingencies? How are reinforcement contingencies related to behavior?

Give an example of one well-known needs theory. Be sure to identify the needs described by that theory.

Define equity theory. List its basic components and give one example of each of these components.

Carlos worked as a sales manager at a retail outlet for five years. During that time, he had taken just two days of leave. Shirley holds the same position at the same organization. During her tenure of two years, she had taken five weeks of leave both years. In the end, Shirley was offered a promotion that Carlos had been vying for. In terms of equity theory, from Carlos's perspective, this is a(n) _____.

A(n) _____ is the set of rules regarding reinforcement contingencies, such as which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered.

Which of the following is a category of reinforcement schedules?

In the context of equity theory, pay, fringe benefits, status symbols, and job titles and assignments are examples of _____.

What is the relationship between reinforcement and reinforcement theory? Describe how reinforcement contingencies and schedules of reinforcement affect behavior.

In a(n) ____ reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed.

Imagine that you have just been elected the Chair of a campus committee that is trying to raise $100,000 in scholarship funding for disabled youth. Your committee is composed of 15 college instructors, students, and staff with an additional 25 community volunteers who have agreed to provide ideas and labor in the fundraising effort. Explain how you, in your role as the Chair, would use the principles of goal-setting theory to achieve your committee's goal.

According to expectancy theory, in order for employees to be highly motivated, ____ must be high.