Question 1

In the United States, municipal solid waste policy is governed

Accepted Answer

A)   at the federal level only
B)   at the state level only
C)   at the federal and local level
D)   at the state and local level

Question 2

One way to reduce materials intensity in the production of goods is

Accepted Answer

A)   to a shift away from the consumption of tangible goods, but toward services
B)   reducing the amount of packing in consumer products
C)   increasing online billing and payments
D)   all of the above

Question 3

Federal water-pollution law, incorporating technology based effluent standards, works through

Accepted Answer

A)   a permitting system
B)   CAFÉ standards
C)   a single stream recycling system
D)   a pay as you throw (PAYT)  system

Question 4

The largest impairment to water quality is now nonpoint source pollution and ________ programs are paramount for controlling these emissions.

Accepted Answer

A)   federal
B)   state
C)   municipal
D)   international cooperative

Question 5

Which of the following affect a firm's incentive and ability to replace virgin material in the production with recycled materials?

Accepted Answer

A)   technology available to sort materials for recycling
B)   the transportation of materials to be recycled
C)   the reprocessing recycled materials
D)   all of the above

Question 6

California has been a lead state in the area of policy innovation, exemplified by

Accepted Answer

A)   the initial banning of the pesticide DDT
B)   tradable emissions permits to control airborne emissions
C)   principles included in the Strip Mining Reclamation Act
D)   ideas included in the Toxics Release Inventory program

Question 7

'Takings' problems refer to the use of eminent domain which allows the US government to take property from private citizens for a public purpose while providing just compensation. In contrast, a regulatory taking does not involve a physical taking of the property but may

Accepted Answer

A)   reduce the value of the property due to restrictions on its use
B)   transfer ownership temporarily to the EPA
C)   distribute ownership shares to government agencies
D)   eliminate the ability to sell the property A

Question 8

Many states have enacted their own Superfund laws to supplement the federal actions included in the

Accepted Answer

A)   National Contingency Plan (NCP) 
B)   Clean Air Act (CA
A)  
C)   Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCR
A)  
D)   Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCL
A)

Question 9

A tax on virgin materials charged to all manufacturing firms would

Accepted Answer

A)   lead to decreased recycling
B)   lead to increased recycling in a way that would not satisfy the equimarginal principle
C)   lead to increased recycling in a way that satisfies the equimarginal principle
D)   lead to uncertain results with no guarantee of satisfying the equimarginal principle

Question 10

The ability of a municipality to send solid waste to a landfill is affected by

Accepted Answer

A)   weather
B)   taxation
C)   the scarcity of sites willing to accept these wastes
D)   recycling programs

Question 11

Because states compete to attract businesses, some believe that there will be a 'race to the bottom' resulting in lax state policies regarding environmental regulation. Most empirical evidence to date suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)   state policies are indeed more lax than federal policies
B)   the 'race to the bottom' has not taken place
C)   states have not produced their own environmental policies
D)   businesses do not consider state policies when deciding where to locate

Question 12

Single stream recycling refers to

Accepted Answer

A)   water pollution control programs that focus on single bodies of water
B)   recycling of contaminated water with release into a single stream
C)   a system of recycling that returns all recycled material to a single user
D)   a system where recyclable items are collected from consumers in a single container and sorted at the recycling facility

Question 13

The materials balance equation can be written in all of the following forms except

Accepted Answer

A)   TM = VM - RM
B)   VM = TM - RM
C)   VM = TM ( 1- r) 
D)   TM = VM + RM

Question 14

Take-back programs lead to goods or parts of goods being

Accepted Answer

A)   returned to where a consumer purchased the good
B)   returned to the original manufacturer of the good
C)   exchanged among manufacturers of the good or inputs
D)   all the above

Question 15

In the most recent past, most of the urban municipal solid waste in the U.S. was disposed ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)   through recycling
B)   through incineration
C)   in landfills
D)   in other countries

Question 16

Over the past last 50 years, the amount of MSW that is recycled has

Accepted Answer

A)   decreased dramatically
B)   remained relatively constant
C)   increased slightly
D)   increased dramatically

Question 17

Environmental federalism refers to

Accepted Answer

A)   whether environmental regulations should be established at a national level
B)   whether environmental regulation enforcement should be decentralized
C)   the establishment of the EPA in the 1970s
D)   whether all states and municipalities should be subject to the same effluent standards A

Question 18

The change to single-stream recycling causes the consumer cost of recycling to

Accepted Answer

A)   increase
B)   decrease
C)   not change
D)   cannot be determined

Question 19

With PAYT programs, the incentive to recycle or reuse

Accepted Answer

A)   increases
B)   decreases
C)   does not change
D)   cannot be determined

Question 20

________ content standards require that all materials-using products manufactured or sold contain some specified percentage of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Maximum; recycled material
B)   Minimum; recycled material
C)   Maximum; virgin material
D)   Minimum; virgin material B

Exam 17: State and Local Environmental Issues

In the United States, municipal solid waste policy is governed

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One way to reduce materials intensity in the production of goods is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Federal water-pollution law, incorporating technology based effluent standards, works through

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The largest impairment to water quality is now nonpoint source pollution and ________ programs are paramount for controlling these emissions.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following affect a firm's incentive and ability to replace virgin material in the production with recycled materials?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

California has been a lead state in the area of policy innovation, exemplified by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

'Takings' problems refer to the use of eminent domain which allows the US government to take property from private citizens for a public purpose while providing just compensation. In contrast, a regulatory taking does not involve a physical taking of the property but may

Correct AnswerverifiedA

Many states have enacted their own Superfund laws to supplement the federal actions included in the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A tax on virgin materials charged to all manufacturing firms would

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The ability of a municipality to send solid waste to a landfill is affected by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Because states compete to attract businesses, some believe that there will be a 'race to the bottom' resulting in lax state policies regarding environmental regulation. Most empirical evidence to date suggests that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Single stream recycling refers to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The materials balance equation can be written in all of the following forms except

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Take-back programs lead to goods or parts of goods being

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the most recent past, most of the urban municipal solid waste in the U.S. was disposed ___________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Over the past last 50 years, the amount of MSW that is recycled has

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Environmental federalism refers to

Correct AnswerverifiedA

The change to single-stream recycling causes the consumer cost of recycling to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

With PAYT programs, the incentive to recycle or reuse

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

________ content standards require that all materials-using products manufactured or sold contain some specified percentage of ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedB

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content standards require that all materials-using products manufactured or sold contain some specified percentage of .

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