Question 1

Once the Federal Sentencing Guidelines were enacted in 1984, federal parole was eliminated.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Consider the following statement: The cumulative disadvantages that operate disproportionately for young Black men could also further limit their chances for successful integration back into their communities after release from prison, not to mention the potentially negative impact of their incarceration on their partners and dependent children. In what ways might cumulative disadvantage impact successful reintegration? Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

Cumulative disadvantage can impact succe...

Question 3

Briefly explain the origin of the crack-cocaine and powder cocaine sentencing disparity.

Accepted Answer

The crack-cocaine and powder cocaine sen...

Question 4

Recent research has shown that Asians are sentenced more harshly than Blacks and Hispanics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Most recorded crimes in colonial New York were ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   contempt of authority
B)   crimes of violence
C)   crimes by public officials
D)   violations of public order

Question 6

Briefly explain how fewer drug prosecutions can result in positive outcomes.

Accepted Answer

Fewer drug prosecutions can result in a ...

Question 7

Briefly explain the race and sentencing findings in the Post-Zatz era.

Accepted Answer

In the Post-Zatz era, research on race a...

Question 8

In 2016, the United States Sentencing Commission reported that the majority of cases involved the following four offenses ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   drugs, assault, theft, or fraud
B)   drugs, immigration, firearms, or fraud
C)   drugs, assault, extortion, or firearms
D)   drugs, immigration, extortion, or theft

Question 9

In the 1880 census, what percent of people in penitentiaries had sentences of over 1 year?

Accepted Answer

A)   below 70%
B)   70-80%
C)   80-90%
D)   above 90% C

Question 10

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that mandatory crack penalties were advisory in nature?

Accepted Answer

A)   United States v. Brown
B)   Blakely v. Washington
C)   United States v. Russell
D)   Kimbrough v. United States

Question 11

Spohn (2000) found that, in several studies, when looking at the interaction between the offenders' race and process-related factors, racial minorities are sentenced more harshly than Whites if they (1) are detained in jail prior to trial, (2) are represented by a public defender rather than a private attorney, (3) are convicted at trial rather than by plea, and (4) have more serious prior criminal records. Consider strategies that might prevent this type of disparity during the criminal justice process. Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

There are several strategies that could be implemented to prevent the disparity in sentencing for racial minorities during the criminal justice process.

First, there should be efforts to reduce pretrial detention for all individuals, regardless of race. This could involve implementing alternative forms of pretrial release, such as electronic monitoring or supervised release, to reduce the reliance on incarceration prior to trial.

Second, steps should be taken to ensure that all individuals, regardless of race, have access to quality legal representation. This could involve increasing funding for public defender offices, providing training and resources for public defenders, and implementing measures to ensure that private attorneys are available to all individuals, regardless of their financial means.

Third, efforts should be made to reduce the reliance on trials and increase the use of plea bargaining. This could involve providing incentives for defendants to plead guilty, such as reduced sentences or access to rehabilitation programs, and ensuring that all individuals have access to fair and equitable plea bargaining processes.

Finally, there should be efforts to address the underlying factors that contribute to racial disparities in criminal records. This could involve implementing programs to address the root causes of criminal behavior, such as poverty and lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and providing support and resources for individuals with prior criminal records to prevent recidivism.

Overall, addressing the disparity in sentencing for racial minorities during the criminal justice process will require a multi-faceted approach that addresses the various factors that contribute to this disparity. By implementing these strategies, we can work towards a more equitable and fair criminal justice system for all individuals, regardless of race.

Question 12

In response to concerns about drug dealing and violent crimes, ______ were implemented.

Accepted Answer

A)   harsher prisons
B)   more lenient laws
C)   mandatory minimum sentences
D)   new police protocols

Question 13

Most people convicted of felonies in the United States are on probation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Briefly explain two philosophies of punishment.

Accepted Answer

1. Retributive philosophy of punishment:...

Question 15

In the mid-1990s, many more people were supportive of punishing violent offenders than ______ them.

Accepted Answer

A)   rehabilitating
B)   executing
C)   studying
D)   analyzing

Question 16

The racial/ethnic background of most offenders at the federal level were ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Whites
B)   Blacks
C)   Hispanics
D)   Asians

Question 17

Briefly explain the trends in the presidential appointments of racial and ethnic minorities to the federal judiciary.

Accepted Answer

Over the past few decades, there has been a gradual increase in the appointment of racial and ethnic minorities to the federal judiciary. This trend reflects a growing recognition of the importance of diversity in the legal system and a commitment to ensuring that the judiciary reflects the demographics of the country. While progress has been made, there is still work to be done to ensure that the federal judiciary is truly representative of the population it serves. Efforts to increase diversity in judicial appointments continue to be a priority for many advocates and policymakers.

Question 18

Sentencing guidelines have been created to "equalize" or reduce the disparities in the sentencing process

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The War on Drugs has been shown to effectively reduce drug use in the United States.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Briefly explain how the conservatism of the 1980s changes the nature of criminal justice.

Accepted Answer

The conservatism of the 1980s brought ab...

Exam 6: Sentencing

Once the Federal Sentencing Guidelines were enacted in 1984, federal parole was eliminated.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Cumulative disadvantage can impact succe...
View Answer

Briefly explain the origin of the crack-cocaine and powder cocaine sentencing disparity.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The crack-cocaine and powder cocaine sen...
View Answer

Recent research has shown that Asians are sentenced more harshly than Blacks and Hispanics.

Correct Answer
verified

Most recorded crimes in colonial New York were ______.

Correct Answer
verified

Briefly explain how fewer drug prosecutions can result in positive outcomes.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Fewer drug prosecutions can result in a ...
View Answer

Briefly explain the race and sentencing findings in the Post-Zatz era.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
In the Post-Zatz era, research on race a...
View Answer

In 2016, the United States Sentencing Commission reported that the majority of cases involved the following four offenses ______.

Correct Answer
verified

In the 1880 census, what percent of people in penitentiaries had sentences of over 1 year?

Correct Answer
verified
C

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that mandatory crack penalties were advisory in nature?

Correct Answer
verified

In response to concerns about drug dealing and violent crimes, ______ were implemented.

Correct Answer
verified

Most people convicted of felonies in the United States are on probation.

Correct Answer
verified

Briefly explain two philosophies of punishment.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
1. Retributive philosophy of punishment:...
View Answer

In the mid-1990s, many more people were supportive of punishing violent offenders than ______ them.

Correct Answer
verified

The racial/ethnic background of most offenders at the federal level were ______.

Correct Answer
verified

Briefly explain the trends in the presidential appointments of racial and ethnic minorities to the federal judiciary.

Sentencing guidelines have been created to "equalize" or reduce the disparities in the sentencing process

Correct Answer
verified

The War on Drugs has been shown to effectively reduce drug use in the United States.

Correct Answer
verified

Briefly explain how the conservatism of the 1980s changes the nature of criminal justice.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The conservatism of the 1980s brought ab...
View Answer

Exam 6: Sentencing

Once the Federal Sentencing Guidelines were enacted in 1984, federal parole was eliminated.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AICumulative disadvantage can impact succe...View AnswerShow Answer

Briefly explain the origin of the crack-cocaine and powder cocaine sentencing disparity.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIThe crack-cocaine and powder cocaine sen...View AnswerShow Answer

Recent research has shown that Asians are sentenced more harshly than Blacks and Hispanics.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most recorded crimes in colonial New York were ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Briefly explain how fewer drug prosecutions can result in positive outcomes.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIFewer drug prosecutions can result in a ...View AnswerShow Answer

Briefly explain the race and sentencing findings in the Post-Zatz era.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIIn the Post-Zatz era, research on race a...View AnswerShow Answer

In 2016, the United States Sentencing Commission reported that the majority of cases involved the following four offenses ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the 1880 census, what percent of people in penitentiaries had sentences of over 1 year?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that mandatory crack penalties were advisory in nature?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In response to concerns about drug dealing and violent crimes, ______ were implemented.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most people convicted of felonies in the United States are on probation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Briefly explain two philosophies of punishment.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AI1. Retributive philosophy of punishment:...View AnswerShow Answer

In the mid-1990s, many more people were supportive of punishing violent offenders than ______ them.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The racial/ethnic background of most offenders at the federal level were ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Briefly explain the trends in the presidential appointments of racial and ethnic minorities to the federal judiciary.

Sentencing guidelines have been created to "equalize" or reduce the disparities in the sentencing process

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The War on Drugs has been shown to effectively reduce drug use in the United States.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Briefly explain how the conservatism of the 1980s changes the nature of criminal justice.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIThe conservatism of the 1980s brought ab...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Cumulative disadvantage can impact succe...
View Answer

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The crack-cocaine and powder cocaine sen...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Fewer drug prosecutions can result in a ...
View Answer

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
In the Post-Zatz era, research on race a...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
C

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
1. Retributive philosophy of punishment:...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The conservatism of the 1980s brought ab...
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