A) chocolate milk
B) a slice of roast beef
C) acidic orange juice
D) salt water
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A) air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves
B) air pressure waves to nerve impulses
C) fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses
D) pressure waves to hair cell movements
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A) Student A had an allergic reaction to the food, causing her to perceive the food as being bitter.
B) Student B has a protein receptor capable of detecting a bitter molecule found in that substance, whereas student A lacks that particular protein receptor.
C) Student A has a protein receptor capable of detecting a bitter molecule found in that substance, whereas student B lacks that particular protein receptor.
D) Student A has normal saliva, whereas student B's saliva is more alkaline than normal.
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A) Members of these four groups are more closely related to each other than to other groups.
B) What humans see is very similar to the images seen by flatworms, annelids, and arthropods.
C) The genetic underpinnings of all photoreceptors were present in the earliest bilaterian animals.
D) A single-lens eye has been favored throughout most of animal evolution.
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A) the radius to the ulna
B) the radius to the humerus
C) the ulna to the humerus
D) the humerus to the scapula
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A) the hair cells in the cochlea move more than their normal limits
B) moving fluid in the semicircular canals encounters a stationary cupula
C) vibrations in the oval window exceed vibrations in the round window
D) the basilar membrane makes physical contact with the tectorial membrane
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A) ganglion cells
B) amacrine cells
C) bipolar cells
D) rods and cones
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A) cold temperature
B) hot temperature
C) odor of pepper
D) deep pressure
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A) myosin filaments coil up and shorten
B) sarcomeres coil up and shorten
C) actin cross-bridges bind to myosin and transition from a high-energy to a low-energy state
D) myosin cross-bridges bind to actin and transition from a high-energy to a low-energy state
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A) a chemical ligand binds to the ion channel
B) light is absorbed by a molecule in the membrane
C) the cell membrane reaches a threshold voltage
D) the bending of hairlike projections on the hair cells
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A) the habituation of vision
B) the enhancement of visual contrast
C) the prevention of bleaching in bright light
D) the recycling of neurotransmitters
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A) stimulus reception → transmission → transduction → perception
B) stimulus reception → transduction → transmission → perception
C) perception → transduction → transmission → stimulus reception
D) transmission → stimulus reception → perception → transduction
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A) octopus
B) snake
C) earthworm
D) caterpillar
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A) pigeon
B) kangaroo
C) cheetah
D) tuna
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A) aligned borders of sarcomeres
B) regular patches of myosin-binding sites along the lengths of thin filaments
C) repeated patches of myosin heads along the length of thick filaments
D) a repeated pattern of thick and thin regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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A) ion channels
B) gap junctions
C) changes in the cytoskeleton
D) neurotransmitters
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A) an abundance of myoglobin in the dark meat muscle cells
B) the higher density of mitochondria in dark meat muscle cells
C) the abundant sarcoplasmic reticulum in dark meat muscle cells
D) the accumulation of blood within dark meat muscle cells
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A) earthworm
B) beetle
C) shark
D) oyster
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A) the weight of the backpack extended the biceps when the biceps relaxed
B) calcium was returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing myosin heads to push the actin fibers apart
C) when myosin heads detach from actin filaments, they help to extend the actin back to its extended length
D) tropomyosin, a regulatory protein, binds to exposed myosin-binding sites causing actin filaments to uncoil and extend back to their original uncontracted lengths.
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A) G protein-coupled receptor proteins
B) ligand-gated ion channels
C) acetylcholine receptors
D) glutamate receptors
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