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Which of the following is not true about avoidance behavior?


A) Conditioned fear and avoidance responding are highly correlated.
B) The results of escape from fear experiments support the two-process theory of avoidance.
C) During early stages of avoidance training, most of the trials are escape trials.
D) Generally, one-way shuttle avoidance is easier to learn than two-way.

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More response suppression will be achieved if the shock that is administered in a punishment situation is


A) response noncontingent, harsh, and of long duration.
B) response contingent, mild, and of short duration.
C) response noncontingent, mild, and of short duration.
D) response contingent, harsh, and of long duration.

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A fundamental question in the study of avoidance is:


A) How do avoidance trials lead to escape behaviors?
B) Why does punishment have to be discriminated to be effective?
C) How can the absence of something be reinforcing?
D) All of the above

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As avoidance training continues, fear of the avoidance CS


A) remains constant.
B) increases.
C) begins to fluctuate around a relatively high asymptote.
D) decreases.

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What is the fundamental problem in the analysis of avoidance behavior, and how is this problem resolved by two- process theory?

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The second component of the two-process theory of avoidance is


A) reinforcement of the escape response through termination of fear.
B) punishment of the escape response through presentation of the aversive stimulus.
C) reinforcement of the avoidance response through prevention of the aversive stimulus.
D) reinforcement of the avoidance response through fear reduction.

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The first component of the two-process theory of avoidance is


A) punishment of the CR.
B) conditioning fear to the CS.
C) punishment of the CS.
D) conditioning fear to the US.

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B

Your roommate is desperate to avoid bad grades.He studies long into the night.When you ask your roommate about this behavior, he tells you that the sensation of going to bed exhausted from studying feels good to him because it means he will not fail his quizzes.Your roommate is a believer in


A) the shock-frequency reduction hypothesis.
B) the two-process theory of avoidance.
C) the safety-signal hypothesis.
D) the SSDR theory.

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According to the safety-signal hypothesis, serve as conditioned inhibitors of fear.


A) temporal cues of the S-S interval
B) response associated feedback cues
C) CS associated feedback cues
D) US associated feedback cues

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Bechterev had human subjects place their fingers on a shock plate, signaled with a warning CS, and then delivered a brief shock.He noticed that after a few trials, subjects were lifting their fingers from the plate in response to the CS, thus reducing the shock US.This experiment is best characterized as an investigation of


A) aversive classical conditioning mechanisms.
B) passive avoidance.
C) active avoidance.
D) omission conditioning.

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In what ways is punishment similar to positive reinforcement; in what ways is it different?

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Compare discriminated avoidance to free-operant avoidance procedures.

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Answer not provided

What are species specific defense reactions and why is it important to consider them in avoidance and punishment situations?

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Describe factors that enhance the effectiveness of punishment in suppressing behavior.

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According to the conditioned emotional response theory of punishment, punishment results in response suppression because


A) subjects learn to engage in behaviors incompatible with the target response.
B) subjects make avoidance responses that compete with the target response.
C) punishment weakens the association between the eliciting stimulus and the target response.
D) pre-response cues elicit fear reactions that are incompatible with the target response.

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If you wish to quickly and permanently suppress a behavior through the use of punishment, you should


A) initially use mildly aversive stimuli.
B) initially use aversive stimuli of short duration.
C) initially use strong and longer aversive stimulation.
D) use mild aversive stimulation and progress to stronger stimuli.

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An aversive stimulus is administered following a response in the presence of a tone.When the tone is not present, the same response does not bring about the aversive stimulus.This procedure is called


A) overcorrection.
B) discriminated punishment.
C) self-punitive behavior.
D) response-independent stimulation.

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Explain how the two-process theory of avoidance accounts for the behavior that develops in avoidance training.

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In a flooding procedure, the subject is


A) exposed to the US but unable to make the UR.
B) exposed to the UR but unable to make the avoidance response.
C) exposed to the CS but unable to make the avoidance response.
D) exposed to the US without exposure to the CS.

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The reduction of fear to the shock-avoidance CS that accompanies extended avoidance training


A) is accompanied by a reduction in avoidance responses.
B) has little effect on avoidance responses.
C) reduces the persistence of avoidance responses.
D) results in the flooding of avoidance responses.

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