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Victoriano Huerta was a Mexican military officer and politician who is most notably remembered for his role in the Mexican Revolution and for serving as the President of Mexico from 1913 to 1914. His historical significance lies in his controversial leadership and the pivotal role he played during a tumultuous period in Mexican history.
Born on March 23, 1845, Huerta joined the Mexican Army and rose through the ranks due to his military capabilities. He was known for his stern discipline and effectiveness as a soldier, which eventually led to his involvement in national politics.
The historical significance of Victoriano Huerta can be summarized in the following points:
1. Overthrow of Francisco I. Madero: Huerta is most infamously known for his role in the coup d'état against President Francisco I. Madero in February 1913, known as "La Decena Trágica" (The Ten Tragic Days). With the support of conservative factions, the U.S. ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, and other conspirators, Huerta arrested and later ordered the assassination of Madero and his vice president, José María Pino Suárez. This event shocked the nation and set a precedent for political instability.
2. Presidency and Dictatorship: After Madero's overthrow, Huerta declared himself President of Mexico. His regime was characterized by authoritarian rule and attempts to centralize power. He dissolved the Congress, censored the press, and used the military to suppress opposition, earning him the reputation of a dictator.
3. Opposition and the Constitutionalist Movement: Huerta's seizure of power galvanized opposition forces, leading to the rise of the Constitutionalist movement led by figures such as Venustiano Carranza, Álvaro Obregón, and Francisco "Pancho" Villa. This movement aimed to restore constitutional order and oppose Huerta's dictatorship.
4. U.S. Involvement: Huerta's regime was initially recognized by some foreign governments, but he quickly fell out of favor with the United States. President Woodrow Wilson, who came into office shortly after Huerta's rise to power, refused to recognize his government and supported his opponents. This led to further conflict, including the U.S. occupation of the port of Veracruz in 1914.
5. Downfall and Exile: Facing both internal rebellion and external pressure, Huerta's regime became untenable. He resigned from the presidency in July 1914 and went into exile, first to Britain and then to Spain. He attempted to return to Mexico with German assistance during World War I but was arrested in the United States and died in prison in 1916.
Victoriano Huerta's brief but impactful rule is a significant chapter in the Mexican Revolution. His dictatorship intensified the revolutionary struggle, leading to the eventual drafting of the 1917 Mexican Constitution, which introduced significant social and political reforms. Huerta's legacy is often viewed negatively due to his betrayal of democratic principles and the repressive nature of his regime.
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The term "Bull Moose" refers to the Prog...View Answer
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A) not to sink passenger ships.
B) to maintain the territorial integrity of France.
C) to halt its naval blockade of Britain.
D) to halt all submarine warfare.
E) not to sink passenger ships without warning.
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A) provide disability assistance to civil-service workers.
B) establish the eight-hour day for interstate railroad workers.
C) end discrimination against black employees of the federal government.
D) provide credit and low-interest loans to farmers.
E) establish decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships.
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A) Federal Reserve Act
B) Underwood Tariff Act
C) Clayton Anti-Trust Act
D) Sixteenth Amendment
E) Workmen's Compensation Act
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A) 128 Americans onboard lost their lives.
B) Germany expressed profound regret.
C) Afterwards, Germany issued a warning to travelers about the perils of traveling in war zone waters.
D) Germany immediately pledged not to sink unarmed passenger ships anymore.
E) The incident helped feed a growing anti-Germany sentiment in the U.S.
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The New Freedom was a political agenda a...View Answer
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The Virgin Islands are a group of island...View Answer
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A) eliminating unfair and discriminatory trade practices.
B) outlawing unfair business competition and bribery.
C) sale of stocks without full disclosure of a business's organization and profits.
D) prohibiting false and misleading advertising.
E) outlawing the mislabeling or adulterating of products.
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The Sussex Pledge was a diplomatic promi...View Answer
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Herbert Croly (1869–1930) was an influential American political philosopher and journalist who played a significant role in shaping progressive political thought in the early 20th century. He is best known for his book "The Promise of American Life" (1909), which articulated a vision for a new form of liberalism that would address the social and economic challenges posed by industrialization and the rise of corporate power.
Croly's historical significance lies in several key contributions:
1. Progressive Movement Advocate: Croly's ideas were foundational to the Progressive Movement, which sought to address the problems of economic inequality, political corruption, and social injustice. Progressives aimed to use the power of government to regulate industry, improve working conditions, and promote social welfare.
2. Founding of The New Republic: In 1914, Croly co-founded the magazine "The New Republic," which became an important platform for progressive ideas and advocacy. The magazine influenced public opinion and policy debates, and it continues to be published to this day.
3. Influence on Political Leaders: Croly's work had a direct impact on several key political figures of the time, including Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" and Wilson's "New Freedom" were both influenced by Croly's call for a more active government role in ensuring economic fairness and social justice.
4. Reinterpretation of American Democracy: Croly argued that traditional American individualism and laissez-faire economics were inadequate for dealing with the complexities of modern society. He advocated for a reinterpretation of American democratic ideals to include a stronger role for the state in managing the economy and protecting the public interest.
5. Advocacy for a Mixed Economy: Croly was an early proponent of a mixed economy, where both private enterprise and government intervention play roles in promoting economic growth and social welfare. This idea would later become a central tenet of modern liberal thought.
6. Nationalism and Democracy: Croly believed that a strong, centralized government was necessary to balance the interests of different social groups and to implement reforms that would benefit the nation as a whole. His vision of nationalism was tied to the idea of a democratic state that would actively engage in shaping economic and social policies.
Herbert Croly's ideas and advocacy left a lasting imprint on American political thought and policy. His work helped to lay the intellectual groundwork for the New Deal and the expansion of the welfare state in the mid-20th century. His emphasis on the need for a responsive and responsible government continues to influence debates about the role of the state in society.
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A) establishing the first graduated federal income tax.
B) creating an optional retirement system for workers.
C) guaranteeing equal treatment for men and women in employment.
D) using tariffs only for revenue and not to protect American industry from competition.
E) providing protection for American farmers against subsidized foreign crop imports.
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A) sent armed forces to protect against Mexico's nationalization of American businesses.
B) sent the army to prevent Venustiano Carranza from becoming president of Mexico.
C) seized the Mexican port of Vera Cruz to prevent German delivery of arms to President Huerta.
D) sent the army to protect the vast ranch of newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst.
E) sent General Pershing to capture Pancho Villa after Villa staged raids into New Mexico.
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A) the secretary of the treasury.
B) the president of the United States.
C) the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Banking Committee.
D) regional Federal Reserve banks.
E) the presidentially appointed Federal Reserve Board.
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A) demonstrated that the Republican party supported woman suffrage.
B) ensured Roosevelt's defeat by William Howard Taft.
C) symbolized the rising political status of women and the movement for social justice.
D) showed that Roosevelt had lost touch with public opinion.
E) weakened Roosevelt by linking him to Addams's pacifism.
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Venustiano Carranza was a key figure in ...View Answer
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A) antitrust legislation.
B) banking reform.
C) dollar diplomacy.
D) tariff reductions.
E) support for small business.
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A) enlisting organized business groups to lobby for its passage.
B) personally presenting his case to Congress and arousing public opinion.
C) writing a book showing that high tariffs were harming the American economy.
D) stirring up western and southern regional hostility against the high-tariff East.
E) sending a team of economic experts to testify before Congress.
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B
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A) pinned its economic faith on competition and the breakup of large monopolies.
B) opposed the growth of labor unions.
C) sought to raise tariffs to protect American industry.
D) supported a broad program of social welfare and government regulation of business.
E) favored state rather than federal government activism.
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