Question 1

In rodent development, what would happen if there was no α-fetoprotein to bind the circulating estrogen that comes from the mother's ovaries?

Accepted Answer

A)   Testosterone would not be converted into estradiol.
B)   All rats would develop into females.
C)   Males would be feminized in behavior.
D)   Females would be masculinized in behavior.

Question 2

Which C. elegans gene signals phagocytes to engulf dead cells?

Accepted Answer

A)   ced-1
B)   ced-2
C)   ced-3
D)   ced-4

Question 3

Why is the vertebrate enzyme caspase-3 referred to as the "executioner"? What information can be gathered from using immunohistochemistry to label caspase-3 in cells?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is the vertebrate enzyme caspase-3 referred...

Question 4

_______ are responsible for "cleaning up" dead cells in vertebrate nervous systems.

Accepted Answer

A)   Schwann cells
B)   Oligodendrocytes
C)   Pyknotic cells
D)   Microglia

Question 5

The decline in the number of motor neurons coincides with the appearance of pyknotic cells, which indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)   only damaged motor neurons die.
B)   motor neurons die during normal development.
C)   neurogenesis of motor neurons occurs throughout life.
D)   motor neurons do not normally die during development.

Question 6

NGF is transported _______ in a neuron to _______ apoptosis.

Accepted Answer

A)   retrogradely; promote
B)   anterogradely; promote
C)   retrogradely; prevent
D)   anterogradely; prevent

Question 7

Which vertebrate enzyme initiates the apoptotic cascade?

Accepted Answer

A)   Caspase-1
B)   Caspase-3
C)   Caspase-6
D)   Caspase-9

Question 8

In addition to affecting the number of motor neurons, manipulating the number of limb buds in chick embryos also affects the

Accepted Answer

A)   size of individual dorsal root ganglion cells.
B)   size of individual motor neurons.
C)   number of dorsal root ganglion cells.
D)   number of sympathetic ganglia. C

Question 9

A songbird species in which males have larger forebrain regions than females is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   sexual dimorphism.
B)   mutation.
C)   gyandromorph.
D)   activational effect. A

Question 10

A person born with testes who appears female/feminine externally most likely has

Accepted Answer

A)   no Y chromosome.
B)   an extra X chromosome.
C)   a dysfunctional androgen receptor.
D)   little to no testosterone production. C

Question 11

Why might the evidence that some fruitless gene mutations cause same-sex courting behavior in Drosophila not be relevant to human sexual orientation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why might the evidence that some fruitless...

Question 12

What is the primary high-affinity receptor for NGF?

Accepted Answer

A)   TrkB
B)   TrkC
C)   Robo
D)   TrkA

Question 13

A mutation in the antioxidant protein superoxide dismutase can lead to ALS by

Accepted Answer

A)   failing to get rid of free radicals.
B)   clearing away too many free radicals.
C)   introducing a toxic gain of function.
D)   acting in the motor neuron itself to kill it.

Question 14

The appearance of an apoptotic neuron is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)   pyknotic.
B)   microglial.
C)   pathological.
D)   neurotrophic.

Question 15

The fraternal birth order effect, in which the number of brothers a boy's mother carried before him influences his likelihood of growing up to be gay, is

Accepted Answer

A)   the result of social influences from the older brothers.
B)   the result of a genetic mutation.
C)   proof that sexual orientation is a matter of choice.
D)   only apparent in boys who are right-handed.

Question 16

Sexual differentiation is the process of

Accepted Answer

A)   changing from one sex to another.
B)   males and females mating.
C)   gamete formation.
D)   males and females taking different developmental pathways.

Question 17

In rats, the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus undergoes greater _______ in _______.

Accepted Answer

A)   apoptosis; females
B)   apoptosis; males
C)   neurogenesis; males
D)   neurogenesis; females

Question 18

The muscles of Lawrence in fruit flies take on a masculine phenotype as long as the _______ have a male genotype.

Accepted Answer

A)   muscle cells
B)   wings
C)   motor neurons
D)   abdominal ganglia

Question 19

What would happen if the C. elegans gene ced-3 was not functional?

Accepted Answer

A)   Too many cells would die
B)   Phagocytes would not be able to clean up debris
C)   Proteins within a cell would get dismantled prematurely
D)   Cells that are supposed to die would not be able to die

Question 20

What drives the developing mammalian gonads to form testes?

Accepted Answer

A)   The presence of a Y chromosome
B)   Anti-Müllerian hormone
C)   Testosterone production
D)   The absence of two X chromosomes

Exam 7: Apoptosis

In rodent development, what would happen if there was no α-fetoprotein to bind the circulating estrogen that comes from the mother's ovaries?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which C. elegans gene signals phagocytes to engulf dead cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is the vertebrate enzyme caspase-3 referred to as the "executioner"? What information can be gathered from using immunohistochemistry to label caspase-3 in cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_______ are responsible for "cleaning up" dead cells in vertebrate nervous systems.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The decline in the number of motor neurons coincides with the appearance of pyknotic cells, which indicates that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

NGF is transported _______ in a neuron to _______ apoptosis.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which vertebrate enzyme initiates the apoptotic cascade?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In addition to affecting the number of motor neurons, manipulating the number of limb buds in chick embryos also affects the

Correct AnswerverifiedC

A songbird species in which males have larger forebrain regions than females is an example of a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedA

A person born with testes who appears female/feminine externally most likely has

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Why might the evidence that some fruitless gene mutations cause same-sex courting behavior in Drosophila not be relevant to human sexual orientation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the primary high-affinity receptor for NGF?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A mutation in the antioxidant protein superoxide dismutase can lead to ALS by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The appearance of an apoptotic neuron is referred to as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The fraternal birth order effect, in which the number of brothers a boy's mother carried before him influences his likelihood of growing up to be gay, is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sexual differentiation is the process of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In rats, the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus undergoes greater _______ in _______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The muscles of Lawrence in fruit flies take on a masculine phenotype as long as the _______ have a male genotype.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What would happen if the C. elegans gene ced-3 was not functional?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What drives the developing mammalian gonads to form testes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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NGF is transported _ in a neuron to _ apoptosis.

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C

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A

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C

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In rats, the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus undergoes greater _ in _.

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