Question 1

The influenza virus targets epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract. What is the normal function of epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

A)   They form boundaries between the body tissue and internal environments
B)   They are involved in muscle contractions
C)   They are involved in the relay of signals throughout the body
D)   They serve as insulation

Question 2

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A)   The vaccination cannot contain enough preservatives to last in the body longer than a year.
B)   The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.
C)   The flu virus can become latent, meaning it can hide from the immune system within the body, so new vaccinations are important to allow for continuing immunity.
D)   The vaccination does not contain enough antigens to create a lasting immune response, so boosters are required every year.

Question 3

Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to

Accepted Answer

A)   produce a higher amount of antibodies.
B)   have a quicker recovery time from an infection.
C)   have an overall more efficient immune response.
D)   All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 4

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

Accepted Answer

A)   DNA, RNA, then protein.
B)   RNA, DNA, then protein.
C)   protein, DNA, then RNA.
D)   protein, RNA, and DNA.

Question 5

If an influenza strain mutation results in the production of different H spikes, this could be life threatening because

Accepted Answer

A)   H spikes are more deadly than N spikes.
B)   H spikes are used as antigens to identify the virus by the immune system.
C)   H spikes allow quicker viral replication in host cells.
D)   All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following characteristics of life are present in viruses?

Accepted Answer

A)   Ability to process energy and nutrients
B)   Ability to evolve over time
C)   Ability to respond to stimuli
D)   Ability to maintain an internal environment

Question 7

Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its abililty to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger

Accepted Answer

A)   antibody-mediated immunity.
B)   cell-mediated immunity.
C)   both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

Question 8

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ______ structures. Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ______ structures.

Accepted Answer

A)   homologous; analogous
B)   analogous; homologous
C)   homologous; inherited
D)   inherited; homologous

Question 9

Which of the following cells ingest, digest, and provide an antigen for the immune system to respond?

Accepted Answer

A)   Macrophages and dendritic cells
B)   Macrophages and B lymphocytes
C)   B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
D)   T lymphocytes and dendritic cells

Question 10

For naming purposes, which form of influenza would be characterized by the types of H and N spikes found on its surface?

Accepted Answer

A)   A
B)   B
C)   C

Question 11

Select three of the components that were proposed by Darwin for natural selection to occur.

Accepted Answer

A)   Populations experience differential reproductive success.
B)   Breeding is done intentionally with the intent to increase the frequency of desired traits.
C)   Variation within a population is heritable.
D)   Populations experience competition for resources.
E)   The variations in a population make no difference in terms of reproductive success.

Question 12

In the influenza strain nameHongKong/45/2019 (H3N2) -like virus, this was the ______ strain isolated in 2019 in this region.

Accepted Answer

A)   second
B)   third
C)   twentieth
D)   forty-fifth

Question 13

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

Accepted Answer

A)   a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA.
B)   RNA and DNA.
C)   a plasma membrane and DNA within a nucleus.
D)   fiber proteins that extend from the body of the virus and one or more tails that are used for locomotion.

Question 14

The immune system's role is to

Accepted Answer

A)   actively seek and destroy pathogens.
B)   regulate the internal body temperature.
C)   filter waste products out of the circulatory system.
D)   increase digestive enzymes.

Question 15

The core proteins of the influenza virus are more effective antigens to be used in a vaccine.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the component of the flu vaccine and its intended function is True?

Accepted Answer

A)   Aluminum is included to prevent the growth of bacteria during vaccine preparation and storage.
B)   Formaldehyde is used to inactivate toxins from the virus or bacteria that may have been present during production.
C)   Gelatin or sorbitol are used to enhance the ability of the immune system to detect the virus.
D)   Antibiotics are used as a preservative in multidose vials of vaccine in order to prolong their shelf life. Antibiotics allow the vaccine to withstand extreme temperature changes.

Question 17

Evolution will only occur when changes in genetic information are passed on to the next generation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the ______ and apoptosis of infected cells.

Accepted Answer

A)   production of memory T cells
B)   production of memory B cells
C)   production of plasma cells
D)   secretion of antibodies by plasma cells

Question 19

The immune system works very closely with the ______ system to return filtered fluid back to the circulatory system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The immune system works very closely with...

Question 20

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, vaccine effectiveness could be as low as 30%. This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   antigenic drift
B)   antigenic shift
C)   artificial selection
D)   the founder effect

Exam 7: Understanding Natural Selection, Vaccines, and Viral Reproduction

The core proteins of the influenza virus are more effective antigens to be used in a vaccine.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The influenza virus targets epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract. What is the normal function of epithelial cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following characteristics of life are present in viruses?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For naming purposes, which form of influenza would be characterized by the types of H and N spikes found on its surface?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its abililty to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Select three of the components that were proposed by Darwin for natural selection to occur.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Evolution will only occur when changes in genetic information are passed on to the next generation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, vaccine effectiveness could be as low as 30%. This is an example of __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The immune system's role is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If an influenza strain mutation results in the production of different H spikes, this could be life threatening because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the ______ and apoptosis of infected cells.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following cells ingest, digest, and provide an antigen for the immune system to respond?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements about the component of the flu vaccine and its intended function is True?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the influenza strain nameHongKong/45/2019 (H3N2) -like virus, this was the ______ strain isolated in 2019 in this region.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ______ structures. Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ______ structures.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The immune system works very closely with the ______ system to return filtered fluid back to the circulatory system.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called structures. Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called structures.

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