Exam 22: The Progressive Era

A) Such intellectual theorists of progressivism as Edward Ross or Thorstein Veblen believed strongly that
society should conform to certain abstracted and fixed natural laws of human behavior, regardless of social conditions or environmental influences.
B) The concept of "gas and water socialism"referred to the process by which reform mayors turned to
public ownership of city utilities early in the twentieth century.
C) "Sociological jurisprudence"refused to consider the social environment, stressing that legal precedent
was more important than experience.
D) The American philosophy that truth is relative and directly related to whether an individual proposal works is called empiricism.

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B

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The three main beliefs on which progress...

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A) Urban reforms strengthened middle-class control and improved efficiency.
B) Big-city mayors, controlled by corrupt political machines, were the main obstacles to progressive reform of municipal government.
C) Municipal reformers sought to replace traditional forms of city government like the commission or city manager.
D) In their quest for efficiency and expert rule, progressives tried to invent alternatives to direct democracy.

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The "Wisconsin idea" refers to a progres...

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The progressive method, also known as pr...

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A) scientific expertise was enlisted for social uplift.
B) lower-or working-class community standards became the norm.
C) reform-minded women were integral to reform efforts.
D) reformers used both volunteerism and political action.

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A) authorizing a federal tax on incomes
B) providing for election of U.S. senators by the people, not the state legislatures
C) giving women the right to vote
D) establishing a two-term limit on the U.S. president

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A) The New Nationalism accepted concentrations of capital, labor, and government, but the New Freedom stressed competitiveness among small business and reduced government power.
B) The New Nationalism supported business and ignored social justice concerns, while the New Freedom held to the reverse emphasis.
C) Both welcomed assertive federal power and encouraged business growth.
D) Neither was truly progressive.

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The progressives redefined poverty by shifting the focus from individual moral failings to systemic issues such as lack of education, healthcare, and decent working conditions. They argued that poverty was not just a result of laziness or personal shortcomings, but rather a consequence of larger societal and economic factors. This redefinition was important because it led to a more empathetic and holistic understanding of poverty. It paved the way for policies and programs aimed at addressing the root causes of poverty, rather than just providing temporary relief. By recognizing poverty as a systemic issue, progressives sought to create more lasting and impactful solutions. Progressive solutions for the problems of poverty, such as the establishment of labor laws, social welfare programs, and public education, made significant strides in improving the lives of many Americans. However, these solutions also fell short in several ways. For example, many of the welfare programs were limited in scope and did not reach all those in need. There was also resistance to some progressive policies, particularly from business interests and conservative politicians, which hindered their effectiveness. Additionally, the progressive movement often focused on white, native-born Americans, neglecting the needs of immigrant communities and people of color who faced unique challenges and discrimination. This limited approach to addressing poverty left many marginalized groups without adequate support and perpetuated inequalities. In summary, while the progressives made important strides in redefining poverty and implementing social reforms, their solutions fell short in terms of inclusivity and reaching all those in need. It is important to recognize these shortcomings in order to continue the fight against poverty in a more comprehensive and equitable manner.

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Progressives and populists were both ref...

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The "muckrakers" were a group of investi...

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A) Business and progressive leaders shared a commitment to progress through efficiency and modern managerial techniques.
B) Businessmen organized and funded political opposition to progressive political leaders.
C) Progressives agreed on the need to control big business by breaking up "the trusts."
D) When progressives gained political power, they eliminated the influence of the businessman and the boss.

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Woodrow Wilson brought progressivism to ...

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The New Nationalism and the New Freedom were both approaches to addressing the concentration of corporate and industrial power in the United States during the early 20th century. The New Nationalism, championed by President Theodore Roosevelt, emphasized the need for a strong and active federal government to regulate and control big business. On the other hand, the New Freedom, advocated by President Woodrow Wilson, focused on breaking up monopolies and promoting fair competition in the marketplace. In my view, the New Freedom was a more realistic approach to the concentration of corporate and industrial power. While the New Nationalism recognized the need for government intervention, it still allowed for the existence of large corporations, albeit under stricter regulation. The New Freedom, on the other hand, sought to dismantle monopolies and create a more level playing field for all businesses, which would ultimately lead to a more competitive and fair economic environment. Additionally, the New Freedom's emphasis on promoting small businesses and preventing the formation of monopolies aligns more closely with the principles of a free market economy. By breaking up monopolies and promoting fair competition, the New Freedom sought to address the root causes of corporate power concentration, rather than simply regulating its effects. Overall, while both approaches had their merits, the New Freedom's focus on promoting fair competition and preventing the formation of monopolies made it a more realistic and effective approach to addressing the concentration of corporate and industrial power in the United States.

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The commission and city-manager plans we...

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Women played a crucial role in the progr...

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