Question 1

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

Accepted Answer

A)   these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected.
B)   learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept.
C)   damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.
D)   learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.

Question 2

Spreading activation

Accepted Answer

A)   primes associated concepts.
B)   inhibits unrelated concepts.
C)   creates new links between associated concepts.
D)   weakens the link between unrelated concepts.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

Accepted Answer

A)   Hidden units
B)   Input units
C)   Working units
D)   Output units

Question 4

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

Accepted Answer

A)   Turtles are turtles.
B)   A turtle is an animal.
C)   A turtle is related to a fish.
D)   A turtle is an amphibian.

Question 5

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)   tree; tree
B)   tree; oak
C)   oak; tree
D)   oak; oak

Question 6

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

Accepted Answer

A)   interfered with by
B)   faster than
C)   the same as
D)   slower than

Question 7

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

Accepted Answer

A)   link.
B)   input unit.
C)   node.
D)   output unit.

Question 8

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do)  is

Accepted Answer

A)   family resemblance.
B)   prototypicality.
C)   graded membership.
D)   instance theory.

Question 9

According to the typicality effect

Accepted Answer

A)   objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another.
B)   objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered.
C)   items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
D)   we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects.

Question 10

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Accepted Answer

A)   the definition of the category.
B)   a universal set of category members.
C)   a defined set of category members.
D)   category members that have been encountered in the past.

Question 11

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Accepted Answer

A)   connection weights.
B)   nodes.
C)   hidden units.
D)   output units.

Question 12

Explain how learning occurs in a connectionist network. Describe the process of back propagation. How is the pattern of output activity in a network adjusted so that the output signal matches the correct signal for a given stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Connectionism is an approach to the stud...

Question 13

Present a hierarchical model for a living thing or artifact, moving from specific to general. Include at least three levels and be sure to include both sensory and functional properties.

Accepted Answer

Sure! Here is a hierarchical model for a...

Question 14

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   sensations; facts
B)   sensory attributes; function
C)   serial nodes; familiar concepts
D)   sequential networks; familial resemblance

Question 15

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

Accepted Answer

A)   exemplary
B)   prototypical
C)   basic
D)   subordinate

Question 16

The definitional approach to categorization

Accepted Answer

A)   is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects.
B)   sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have.
C)   doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
D)   was proposed to replace the prototype approach.

Question 17

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   weighting
B)   stacking
C)   loading
D)   crowding

Question 18

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Accepted Answer

A)   Musical instrument
B)   Guitar
C)   Rock guitar
D)   Paul McCartney's bass guitar

Question 19

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

Accepted Answer

A)   semantic category
B)   neuronal limitation
C)   multiple-factor
D)   sensory-functional

Question 20

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

Accepted Answer

A)   graceful degradation
B)   error verification
C)   spreading activation
D)   back propagation

Exam 9: Conceptual Knowledge

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Present a hierarchical model for a living thing or artifact, moving from specific to general. Include at least three levels and be sure to include both sensory and functional properties.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AISure! Here is a hierarchical model for a...View AnswerShow Answer

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The definitional approach to categorization

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Spreading activation

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the typicality effect

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how learning occurs in a connectionist network. Describe the process of back propagation. How is the pattern of output activity in a network adjusted so that the output signal matches the correct signal for a given stimulus?

Correct AnswerverifiedConnectionism is an approach to the stud...View AnswerShow Answer

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Sure! Here is a hierarchical model for a...
View Answer

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _ and one that distinguishes _.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer _ and Itzaj participants would answer _.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Connectionism is an approach to the stud...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified