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Exam 9: Evolution at Multiple Loci

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Question 21

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If the value of linkage disequilibrium (D) is equal to -0.25,one can infer that the alleles are

A) in repulsion.
B) in coupling.
C) in linkage disequilibrium.
D) A and C
E) None of the above

F) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

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Question 22

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Which of the following can generate linkage disequilibrium?

A) Drift
B) Selection
C) Mutation
D) Migration
E) All of the above

F) D) and E)
G) C) and E)

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Question 23

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In the figure below,the grey boxes represent the offspring of parents that are heterozygous at locus 1 (Aa) and locus 2 (Bb) .Which of the grey boxes represent repulsion double heterozygote offspring?

What two major concepts in biology were unified in the middle of the twentieth century?

In the figure below,what does the straight line indicate?

The statistical association of alleles at different loci is referred to as

Narrow-sense heritability is defined as the total

Assuming the value of linkage disequilibrium (D) is positive,recombination will generate

The following figure demonstrates the genotypic adaptive landscape for bacteria growing in media without antibiotics.The height of the bars associated with a genotype indicates the fitness of that genotype.The R allele confers resistance to antibiotics,and the C allele compensates for the loss of fitness that the R allele confers in the absence of antibiotics.The rc haplotype lacks both compensation and resistance.Based on this landscape,why are resistance and compensation unlikely to be lost even in the absence of antibiotics?

In quantitative genetic terms,a phenotypic value can be expressed as

A researcher tracks the escape behavior of a population of squirrels on campus across two generations.When she plots the escape behavior of the offspring generation against the parental behavior,she notes that the offspring's behavior exactly matches the parental behavior.Nonetheless,the narrow-sense heritability equals zero.How can the heritability equal zero in this example?

Consider two loci on a single chromosome.These loci

Texas longhorn cattle have been bred to increase the tip to tip width of their horns,and the heritability of this trait has been well studied by Professor David Hillis at the University of Texas,Austin.In the current generation,the mean horn length is 52 inches.If only a subset of this population,with a mean horn length of 61 inches,are allowed to reproduce,and the narrow-sense heritability of this trait = 0.2,what is the expected horn length in the offspring generation?

The figure below describes the percent oil content in corn from different generations.What is the expected slope of a parent-offspring regression for corn oil content?

A haplotype is

In the figure above,the population indicated by the dots

Without using mathematical symbols,explain the difference between broad- and narrow-sense heritability,including why one is more relevant to evolutionary studies.

Consider two microsatellite loci (A,B)each with two alleles determined by the number of repeats of the microsatellite motif (A = 15 or 17; B = 27 or 31).You genotype an individual in this population and determine that its haplotype is 15/27 and 15/27.Are these alleles in coupling and/or repulsion? Explain your answer.

Multiple drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)is a bacterium that has developed resistance to a wide range of antibiotics.Its resistance to penicillin,methicillin,and oxacillin is a result of the serial use of these antibiotics,which created a selective environment that favored resistance to the drug being used at the time.This resistance provides the bacteria with the ability to thrive in an environment with standard antibiotics,thereby making it a dangerous human health hazard.Why would one expect MRSA to retain penicillin resistance even if this antibiotic is rarely used?