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Exam 2: Personality Traits and the Inventories That Measure Them

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Question 1

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If a personality inventory scale contained no "reverse-coded" or "negatively-keyed" items at all,what problem might that scale have?

A) Scores on the scale would partly reflect a tendency to agree with statements in general.
B) Scores on the scale would only be useful for measuring people with high levels of the trait.
C) Scores on the scale would have poor discriminant validity,because the items wouldn't measure anything that was unrelated to the trait.
D) Scores on the scale would be invalid,because people would be able to "fake" without getting caught.
E) None of the above;there would be no problem with such a scale.

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Question 2

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Recall that Funder,Kolar,and Blackman (1995) studied self- and observer reports of personality in students who had moved away from their home towns to attend college.Which of the following best summarizes the results of that study?

A) College students' self-reports were almost perfectly correlated with observer reports from their hometown friends.
B) College students' self-reports were almost perfectly correlated with observer reports from their college friends.
C) Observer reports of college students by their hometown friends were uncorrelated with observer reports of the same college students by their college friends.
D) Reports from the two kinds of observers were correlated,but the correlation was small enough to be attributed to the fact that both kinds of observer reports were correlated with self-reports.
E) Reports from the two kinds of observers were correlated,and this correlation was too large to be attributed to the fact that both kinds of observer reports were correlated with self-reports.

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Question 3

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How do projective tests differ from structured measures of personality?

Why do researchers generally use structured measures of personality rather than projective tests?

Recall that the question of whether or not traits exist can be considered in terms of "analysis of variance".In that context,which of the following statements is most accurate?

What can be correctly concluded from the trait-versus-situation debate?

Which of the following statements about social desirability scales is accurate? 1. These scales consist of items that describe a wide variety of socially desirable (or undesirable) tendencies. 2. These scales can accurately identify which persons are “faking” their responses on personality self-report items to appear more virtuous than they really are. 3. These scales can help in the development of personality trait scales that are not too heavily contaminated by socially desirable (or undesirable) responding.

Which of the following statements is most nearly the same as saying that Zachary has a high level of the personality trait of fearfulness?

Suppose that a researcher used an empirical test construction strategy to develop a scale measuring the trait of Nonconformity. The researcher had administered some personality inventory items to a small group of homeowners in a city, and then chose the items that were most strongly related to ratings (made by her assistants) of how unusual or unconventional was the appearance of each homeowner’s house and yard. Which of the following might be a problem associated with the use of this method of test construction as described above?

Recall that Mischel and Peake (1982) studied the trait of conscientiousness in university students by measuring such variables as assignment punctuality,note thoroughness,desk neatness,appointment attendance,and others.Jackson and Paunonen (1985) then re-analyzed those results.Which of the following statements is consistent with Jackson and Paunonen's findings?

Recall that Vazire (2010) examined the relative validity of self- and observer reports of personality.Which of the following statements is consistent with the results of her study?

According to the results of investigations such as that by Funder,Blackman,and Kolar (1995) ,which of the following best explains the existence of some agreement between self- and observer reports of a target person's personality,and between different observers' reports of that person's personality?

For a well-constructed,full-length personality inventory scale,what is a typical convergent validity correlation between self-reports and observer reports,where each observer knows his or her "target" person very well?

Recall that Jackson (1975) examined the validity of self-report personality scales in predicting observer reports for the same traits,with the aim of comparing scales that were constructed according to different methods.Jackson found that scales constructed according to the ___________ method (even when constructed by students) were more valid than scales constructed according to the ___________ method (even when constructed by psychologists) .

In general,why do personality inventory scales typically each contain several different items? 1) To assess the various different aspects of the trait to be measured 2) To get a good measurement of what is common to the items (i.e. ,the trait to be assessed) 3) To catch people in an inconsistent pattern of responding 4) To distract respondents from the real purpose of the personality inventory.