A) A MADS box gene duplicated to give rise to genes paleoAP3 and PI.
B) Stamen development is controlled by the genes paleoAP3 and PI.
C) paleoAP3 duplicated to form AP3 and an AP3 duplicate gene.
D) With the duplication of paleoAP3,AP3 gained a role in stamen development.
E) AP3 with a role in petal development is a derived character in the eudicots.
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A) Experimentally determine the function of a gene in a species.
B) Compare sequences in different species.
C) Distinguish paralogs from orthologs.
D) Use bioinformatic tools.
E) Work only with model organisms.
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A) they all have only a few chromosomes.
B) they are easy to cross with each other and observe polyploidy effects.
C) they have short life cycles.
D) they are easy to observe in the wilD.
E) they mutate easily leading to new genomic variations.
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A) In some organisms,Pax6-related genes are associated with development of the forehead.
B) A large number of different organism use Pax6-related genes in eye development.
C) The DNA sequence of Pax6-related genes in animals is uniformly similar.
D) The common ancestor of animals had a simple system for detecting light.
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A) The PI and AP3 proteins can bind to each other.
B) The C terminus sequence of the AP3 protein specifies petal development.
C) The C terminus sequence of the AP3 protein is conserved among the ancestral flowering plants.
D) AP3 has an essential role in petal development encoded at its 3' enD.
E) The PI gene in eudicots retains an involvement in stamen development.
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A) they evolved recently.
B) they encode transcription factors.
C) they influence when and where other genes are expressed.
D) their products have DNA-binding motifs.
E) they are highly conserved.
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A) and the genes triggering lens formation in these different groups are homologous.
B) and the genes triggering lens formation in these different groups are homoplastic (analogous) .
C) and the genes triggering lens formation in these different groups are examples of divergent evolution.
D) and the genes for eye color are multivariate.
E) and the genes for the eyes themselves are divergent.
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A) species recognition.
B) protection from predation.
C) thermoregulation.
D) warning coloration.
E) aesthetics.
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A) evolution of a new gene to code for the new morphology
B) homeosis
C) heterochrony
D) changes in signaling pathways
E) changes in the regulatory sequence of a transcription factor gene
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A) analogous (homoplastic) ,not homologous,yet the same Pax6 gene initiates development.
B) homologous,not analogous (homoplastic) ,yet the same Pax6 gene initiates development.
C) analogous (homoplastic) ,not homologous,and development is initiated by two different genes,Pax6 and Pax7.
D) homologous,not analogous (homoplastic) ,and development is initiated by two different genes,Pax6 and Pax7.
E) completely unrelated,and development is initiated by a whole suite of different genes in different species.
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A) The ancestral Brachyury gene exists in invertebrates.
B) Brachyury gene in ascidians has a role in notochord development.
C) In ascidians,the Brachyury T-box region encodes a transcription factor.
D) The Brachyury gene is not present in vertebrates.
E) Since invertebrates do not have notochords,the Brachyury gene must have evolved a new function.
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A) a single gene mutation.
B) the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
C) homoplastic convergence.
D) gene duplication and divergence.
E) conserved genes.
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A) Within a few million years,hundreds of cichlid species evolved within this lake.
B) Hundreds of different genes determine the length of the jaw in these fish.
C) Jaw length determines overall body shape and size.
D) Many different unique niches exist within the lake,which the various cichlids occupy.
E) Evolution of this group of fish was very rapid.
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A) The function of the ancestral CAL gene was to produce a few simple flowers.
B) The stop codon within the CAL gene is a derived character for cauliflower and broccoli.
C) Natural selection favored the CAL gene with the stop codon over the ancestral CAL gene.
D) Cauliflower,broccoli,kale,and wild cabbage are all subspecies.
E) Broccoli and cauliflower have mass of undeveloped flowers.
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A) In insects,scales are evolutionarily derived from bristles.
B) Scales and bristles are regulated by the same underlying mechanisms.
C) Wing patterns,such as eyespots,are derived through the action of homologous genes on the distribution of scales in the wing.
D) Wing pattern development has involved co-option of existing control programs for new functions.
E) The gene sets whose functions have been co-opted to control wing pattern development differ in different insects.
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C
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A) a new gene mutation.
B) the co-option of an existing gene for a new function.
C) homoplastic convergence.
D) gene duplication and divergence.
E) conserved genes.
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B
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A) ap3 mutant plants can produce stamens but not petals.
B) ap3 mutant plants with a complete AP3 C-terminus can produce petals.
C) ap3 mutant plants with no AP3 C-terminus can produce stamens.
D) ap3 mutant plants with a complete PI C-terminus cannot produce petals.
E) ap3 mutant plants with a complete PI C-terminus can produce some stamens.
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A
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