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Exam 17: Origins and Evolution

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Question 21

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Below is a table of data collected in a lab on five unknown specimens recently isolated from water sample. Based on the data given, which unknowns are most related and would best fit the criteria necessary for molecular clock analysis? Why?

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The purpose of a molecular clock is to d...

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Question 22

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All of Earth's life-forms are found in the:

A) lithosphere
B) mantle
C) core
D) atmosphere
E) protosphere

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Question 23

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Special Topic 17.1 in your textbook discussed the discovery of bacterial species in a "soap scum" biofilm on a shower curtain. If you could perform a phylogenetic analysis, what would you test? Briefly describe how you would go about the testing. What would you expect to find?

Describe how the genome of the enterohemorrhagic strain of E.coli. (O157:H7) differs from harmless enteric E. coli (K12) and how this difference relates to O157:H7 pathogenicity.

Human diseases inherited by mitochondrial DNA include all of the following EXCEPT:

A clade could best be described as a:

Lichens are a coevolved symbiosis of what two organisms?

Why was the discovery of endolithic bacteria of interest to NASA scientists studying Mars?

All life on Earth has been categories into three domains, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. There are many differences within each of these domains but all share some similarities. List four features that all cells of Earth share, regardless of domain designation.

The most likely ancestor for today's mitochondria according to the endosymbiosis hypothesis is a:

In this phylogenetic tree, what does "A" represent? "B" represent?

Based on SSU rRNA phylogeny studies, the current scientific dogma is that there is/are __________ domains of life.

Molecular clocks use genes found in organisms that are:

You have just isolated four homologous sequences through PCR amplification of specific glycolysis protein genomic sequence from four separate bacterial cultures that you proved to be Escherichia coli through morphological and biochemical laboratory analysis. Unknown #3 looks different from the other three. Is this still an Escherichia coli? How can you explain this difference and what can you deduce about the gene product in comparison with the other three samples? Unknown #1: A A T T T A C G A T A A A T G G A A A A A T T T C G A T Unknown #2: A A T T T A C G A T A A A T G G A A A A A T T T C G A T Unknown #3: A A T G G C C G G C G C G C G G A A A A A T T T C G A T Unknown #4: A A T T T A C G A T A A A T G G A A A A A T T T C G A T

You have just isolated four unique sequences through PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA. Calculate the percent relatedness of each in comparison with the known sequence given to determine which stain(s) is most phylogenetically related. Known: T T C G C C G G A C A T T A A G C A G T T A A C G G Unknown #1: T T C C C C C G A C A A A A A G C A G T C A A C G G Unknown #2: T A A G G C G G A C A T T T A G C G G T C A A C C G Unknown #3: T A C G C C G G A C A T T A A G C G G T T A A C G G Unknown #4: A T C G C C G C A C A A A A A G C A G T T A A C G G

__________ are phototrophic biofilms that have interacted with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to form fossils.

Many phylogenic trees can be calibrated in time based on:

Scientists Oparin, Miller, and Urey performed some of the first experiments to prove:

Which of the microbial populations listed below is thought to have evolved earliest based on metabolism studies of the geological record?

Define the word "metagenomics" and explain why growth in this field has lead to an increase in SSU rRNA species designations.