Question 1

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations?

Accepted Answer

A)   In a meta-analysis,a reviewer writes a paper that summarizes and evaluates the literature.
B)   Researchers traditionally draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings by conducting a meta-analysis.
C)   Meta-analysis is a method for determining the reliability of a finding by examining the results from many different studies.
D)   The conclusions in a meta-analysis are based on the subjective impressions of the reviewer.

Question 2

In studies that require human participants,the most common population studied consists of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   older people
B)   children
C)   college students
D)   psychiatric patients

Question 3

According to Rosenthal and Rosnow,when compared to nonvolunteers,volunteers tend to be:

Accepted Answer

A)   highly educated.
B)   of a lower socioeconomic status.
C)   less in need of approval.
D)   more unsociable.

Question 4

Which of the following best represents a meta-analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Miller and Downey's (1999) work analyzing the results of 71 studies that examined the relationship between weight and self-esteem
B)   The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
C)   A study on the impact of conversation on driving by Drews and his colleagues (2008) 
D)   Smart's (1966) research that found that college students were studied in over 70 percent of the articles published between 1962 and 1964

Question 5

Conceptual replications allow a researcher to:

Accepted Answer

A)   replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.
B)   point out inconsistent findings and areas in which research is lacking.
C)   have greater confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables if they produce similar results.
D)   identify trends in the literature and provide directions for future study.

Question 6

_____ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized,while _____ validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables.

Accepted Answer

A)   Construct;statistical
B)   Statistical;construct
C)   Internal;external
D)   External;internal

Question 7

Which of the following is a common feature of literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

A)   Both literature reviews and meta-analyses identify trends in the literature and directions for future study.
B)   Both literature reviews and meta-analyses allow quantitative conclusions.
C)   Both literature reviews and meta-analyses allow statistical conclusions.
D)   Both literature reviews and meta-analyses begin with a body of previous research.

Question 8

Using the Internet for research may lower the external validity of a study because users are more likely to share similar characteristics.In this case,volunteers of online surveys are likely to:

Accepted Answer

A)   be college educated.
B)   have a lower income.
C)   live in rural areas.
D)   be older adults.

Question 9

The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   replications
B)   statistical interactions
C)   meta-analysis
D)   interactions

Question 10

Dr.Harrison used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood.Identify the technique employed by him.

Accepted Answer

A)   Meta-analysis
B)   Analysis of variance
C)   Literature review
D)   Causal analysis

Question 11

Which of the following in a study is most likely to produce better external validity?

Accepted Answer

A)   Using a random sample
B)   Employing nonequivalent groups
C)   Including only male subjects
D)   Having a single experimenter

Question 12

A _____ identifies trends in the literature,whereas a(n) _____ allows statistical,quantitative conclusions about the research.

Accepted Answer

A)   conceptual replication;narrative literature review
B)   narrative literature review;meta-analysis
C)   meta-analysis;exact replication
D)   meta-analysis;conceptual replication

Question 13

What are the two types of replications?

Accepted Answer

A)   Procedural and exact replications
B)   Conceptual and strategic replications
C)   Exact and conceptual replications
D)   Strategic and procedural replications

Question 14

In the original Mozart effect study,researchers examined the effect of exposure to classical music on spatial reasoning.In this case,exposure to classical music and spatial reasoning are examples of _____ variables.

Accepted Answer

A)   concrete
B)   conceptual
C)   confounded
D)   concurrent

Question 15

Why are conceptual replications considered important in the field of social sciences?

Accepted Answer

A)   They allow statistical conclusions and identify trends in the literature.
B)   They take into consideration the fact that prior findings are a prerequisite for conceptual replications to occur.
C)   They allow researchers to precisely replicate the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained.
D)   They use complex variables that can be operationalized in different ways.

Question 16

Failures to replicate findings share the same problems as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   nonsignificant findings
B)   actual findings
C)   Type I errors
D)   Type II errors

Question 17

Meta-analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ _____ to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Accepted Answer

A)   exact replications
B)   statistical interactions
C)   conceptual replications
D)   effect sizes

Question 18

In a _____,the researcher combines the actual results of a number of studies in which the analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ effect sizes to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Accepted Answer

A)   combined assignment
B)   field experiment
C)   literature review
D)   meta-analysis

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true about pretests?

Accepted Answer

A)   One drawback of a pretest is that it fails to provide a researcher with an assessment of the attrition effects.
B)   A pretest acts as a hindrance when determining whether the people who withdrew are different from those who completed the study.
C)   It is often a misconception that simply taking a pretest may cause subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest.
D)   Pretesting may limit the ability to generalize to populations that did not receive a pretest.

Question 20

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors,Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift.In this case,what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity?

Accepted Answer

A)   Using a larger sample of officers working in the day shift
B)   Randomly assigning officers to work under specific supervisors
C)   Surveying officers from all shifts in the department
D)   Using confounding variables

Exam 14: Generalization

Using the Internet for research may lower the external validity of a study because users are more likely to share similar characteristics.In this case,volunteers of online surveys are likely to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What are the two types of replications?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Failures to replicate findings share the same problems as _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the original Mozart effect study,researchers examined the effect of exposure to classical music on spatial reasoning.In this case,exposure to classical music and spatial reasoning are examples of _____ variables.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors,Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift.In this case,what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true about pretests?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a _____,the researcher combines the actual results of a number of studies in which the analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ effect sizes to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Rosenthal and Rosnow,when compared to nonvolunteers,volunteers tend to be:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized,while _____ validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following in a study is most likely to produce better external validity?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In studies that require human participants,the most common population studied consists of _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following best represents a meta-analysis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Conceptual replications allow a researcher to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why are conceptual replications considered important in the field of social sciences?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a common feature of literature reviews and meta-analyses?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dr.Harrison used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood.Identify the technique employed by him.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Meta-analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ _____ to compare a given finding across many different studies.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A _____ identifies trends in the literature,whereas a(n) _____ allows statistical,quantitative conclusions about the research.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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_ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized,while _ validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables.

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A _ identifies trends in the literature,whereas a(n) _ allows statistical,quantitative conclusions about the research.

Correct Answer
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