Question 1

In which of Erikson's stages is fidelity the potential strength to be gained?

Accepted Answer

A)   identity
B)   intimacy
C)   generativity
D)   integrity

Question 2

What evidence most clearly demonstrates a genetic component in personality consistency in adulthood?

Accepted Answer

A)   similarities between parents and children in personality
B)   similarity of fraternal twins in personality
C)   greater similarity in the personalities of fraternal than of identical twins
D)   greater similarity in the personalities of identical than of fraternal twins

Question 3

Describe the major changes in personality that appear to occur between early and middle adulthood, and give at least one research example to illustrate each change.

Accepted Answer

During early adulthood, individuals ofte...

Question 4

Behavior geneticists estimate that between _____ and _____ percent of the variation in personality can be accounted for by genetic differences.

Accepted Answer

A)   20; 30
B)   40; 60
C)   10; 30
D)   60; 80

Question 5

List three dimensions of personality that appear to be consistent over (at a minimum) decades of adult life. What explanations of such consistency can you offer?

Accepted Answer

Three dimensions of personality that app...

Question 6

Ravenna is a 5year-old female who has been a participant in a longitudinal study of personality characteristics. Which set of characteristics probably increased for Ravenna over the years?

Accepted Answer

A)   increase in dominance, stability, conscientiousness
B)   increase in social vitality, stability, dominance
C)   decrease in dominance and agreeableness; increase in conscientiousness
D)   decrease in conscientiousness, increase in dominance

Question 7

Mean-level stability is usually measured by what type of study?

Accepted Answer

A)   cross-sectional
B)   longitudinal
C)   experimental
D)   qualitative

Question 8

An adult is preoccupied with a need to "make his mark" on the world. Which of Erikson's dilemmas (stages)  is this adult grappling with?

Accepted Answer

A)   identity versus role confusion
B)   intimacy versus isolation
C)   generativity versus stagnation
D)   ego integrity versus despair

Question 9

How are stage theories different from theories suggesting sequences? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each approach?

Accepted Answer

Stage theories and theories suggesting s...

Question 10

Costa and McCrae have demonstrated the validity of their factor personality structure across _______.

Accepted Answer

A)   age
B)   gender
C)   cultural background
D)   all of the above

Question 11

Which of the following statements best describes our current knowledge about the consistency of personality or motivation over the adult years?

Accepted Answer

A)   There is high consistency on the "big 5" personality measures over the full 50 or 60 years of adult life, but not on any other dimensions of personality.
B)   There is high consistency on the "big 5" personality measures and somewhat lower consistency on many other personality measures.
C)   Consistency in personality exists but only over relatively short periods of time, such as 4 or 5 years.
D)   There is no demonstrable consistency of personality in adulthood.

Question 12

One possible explanation of the age-linked changes with personality is that they are driven primarily or solely by role changes, rather than reflecting some deeper developmental process. What sort of findings would support such a conclusion? What would refute it?

Accepted Answer

Findings that would support the conclusi...

Question 13

Vaillant recently published an article in the well-respected American Psychology Association journal suggesting that his levels of defense mechanisms are a way to measure psychological maturity and well-being. Which of the following is an argument he probably offered in support of this assertion?

Accepted Answer

A)   All individuals consistently demonstrate the same defense mechanisms in identical situations.
B)   The association between mature defenses and mental health is present across a number of indicators (occupational success, maturity, happiness) .
C)   Individuals under severe stress do not revert to less mature mechanisms.
D)   The levels of defense mechanisms are sequential and stage-like.

Question 14

List the stages described by Loevinger, the stages described by Erikson, and the sequences of motives described by Maslow; then link the three lists to one another.

Accepted Answer

Loevinger's stages of ego development ar...

Question 15

What is the final stage of development in Erik Erikson's theory of adult development?

Accepted Answer

A)   industry versus inferiority
B)   ego integrity versus despair
C)   intimacy versus isolation
D)   generativity versus stagnation

Question 16

Each of us tends to choose environments or situations in which our existing personality traits will be reinforced or supported. Caspi and Elder refer to this as _________.

Accepted Answer

A)   evocative transactions
B)   proactive transactions
C)   genetic transactions
D)   causal transactions

Question 17

In the findings from meta-analyses on personality change, which of the following personality dimensions showed change with age?

Accepted Answer

A)   introversion/extraversion
B)   agreeableness/disagreeableness
C)   high neuroticism/low neuroticism
D)   all of the above

Question 18

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that personality development takes place in ______________ that represents a conflict the individual must try to resolve.

Accepted Answer

A)   regular cyclical periods of approximately 7 years throughout life
B)   spurts that correspond to physical growth periods
C)   distinct stages over the life span
D)   distinct stages until adolescence

Question 19

A tendency to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions are _____; short-lived patterns are known as _____; and _____ are groups of traits that occur together.

Accepted Answer

A)   factors; states; traits
B)   factors; traits; states
C)   traits; states; factors
D)   states; traits; factors

Question 20

Describe two methodological explanations for the "change" in personality over adulthood.

Accepted Answer

1. Biological changes: One methodologica...

Exam 8: Personality

What evidence most clearly demonstrates a genetic component in personality consistency in adulthood?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe the major changes in personality that appear to occur between early and middle adulthood, and give at least one research example to illustrate each change.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIDuring early adulthood, individuals ofte...View AnswerShow Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that personality development takes place in ______________ that represents a conflict the individual must try to resolve.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Mean-level stability is usually measured by what type of study?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the final stage of development in Erik Erikson's theory of adult development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements best describes our current knowledge about the consistency of personality or motivation over the adult years?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One possible explanation of the age-linked changes with personality is that they are driven primarily or solely by role changes, rather than reflecting some deeper developmental process. What sort of findings would support such a conclusion? What would refute it?

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIFindings that would support the conclusi...View AnswerShow Answer

List three dimensions of personality that appear to be consistent over (at a minimum) decades of adult life. What explanations of such consistency can you offer?

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIThree dimensions of personality that app...View AnswerShow Answer

A tendency to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions are _____; short-lived patterns are known as _____; and _____ are groups of traits that occur together.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In which of Erikson's stages is fidelity the potential strength to be gained?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Ravenna is a 5year-old female who has been a participant in a longitudinal study of personality characteristics. Which set of characteristics probably increased for Ravenna over the years?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Costa and McCrae have demonstrated the validity of their factor personality structure across _______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Each of us tends to choose environments or situations in which our existing personality traits will be reinforced or supported. Caspi and Elder refer to this as _________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An adult is preoccupied with a need to "make his mark" on the world. Which of Erikson's dilemmas (stages) is this adult grappling with?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How are stage theories different from theories suggesting sequences? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each approach?

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIStage theories and theories suggesting s...View AnswerShow Answer

Behavior geneticists estimate that between _____ and _____ percent of the variation in personality can be accounted for by genetic differences.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Vaillant recently published an article in the well-respected American Psychology Association journal suggesting that his levels of defense mechanisms are a way to measure psychological maturity and well-being. Which of the following is an argument he probably offered in support of this assertion?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

List the stages described by Loevinger, the stages described by Erikson, and the sequences of motives described by Maslow; then link the three lists to one another.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AILoevinger's stages of ego development ar...View AnswerShow Answer

In the findings from meta-analyses on personality change, which of the following personality dimensions showed change with age?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe two methodological explanations for the "change" in personality over adulthood.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AI1. Biological changes: One methodologica...View AnswerShow Answer

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During early adulthood, individuals ofte...
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Findings that would support the conclusi...
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Three dimensions of personality that app...
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A tendency to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions are ___; short-lived patterns are known as _; and ___ are groups of traits that occur together.

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Stage theories and theories suggesting s...
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Behavior geneticists estimate that between _ and _ percent of the variation in personality can be accounted for by genetic differences.

Correct Answer
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Loevinger's stages of ego development ar...
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1. Biological changes: One methodologica...
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