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The data obtained by using a Stapel scale can be analyzed in the same way as a ________.


A) Constant sum scale
B) continuous rating scale
C) semantic differential scale
D) Ranking scale

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Which non-comparative scale has the advantage of being easy to construct and the disadvantage of cumbersome scoring unless the scoring is computerized (Table 9.1 in the text) ?


A) Likert scale
B) Stapel scale
C) continuous rating scale
D) semantic differential scale

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Figure 9.4 in the text showed the development of a multi-item scale.Discuss the development process.

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Data are collected on the reduced set of...

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________ is the extent to which a scale produces consistent results if repeated measurements are made on the characteristic.


A) Reliability
B) Generalizability
C) Validity
D) None of the above

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Which statement is not true regarding the relationship between reliability and validity?


A) If a measure is perfectly valid,it is also perfectly reliable.
B) Reliability is a necessary,but not sufficient,condition for validity.
C) If a measure is perfectly reliable,it is perfectly valid.
D) Unreliability implies invalidity.

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________ is a type of construct validity that assesses the extent to which a measure does not correlate with other constructs from which it is supposed to differ.


A) Convergent validity
B) Concurrent validity
C) Discriminant validity
D) Nomological validity

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Individual items on a semantic differential scale may be scored on either a -3 to +3 or a 1 to 7 scale.

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Perfect validity requires that there be no measurement error,therefore: (XO = XT,XR = 0,XS = 0).

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Systematic sources of error do have an adverse impact on reliability because they affect the measurement in a constant way and do not lead to inconsistency.

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A ________ is a scale for measuring attitudes that consists of a single adjective in the middle of an even-numbered range of values,from -5 to +5,without a neutral point (zero) .


A) Stapel scale
B) semantic differential scale
C) Likert scale
D) continuous rating scale

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Deciding whether to present scales as vertical or horizontal is related to which of the non-comparative itemized rating scale decisions?


A) number of scale categories
B) physical form or configuration
C) nature and degree of verbal description
D) odd or even number of categories

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The Stapel scale is usually presented horizontally.

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Reliability can be defined as the extent to which measures are free from random error,XR.

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Which statement about generalizability is not true?


A) Traditional reliability methods can be viewed as single-facet generalizability studies.
B) In generalizability studies,measurement procedures are designed to investigate the universes of interest by sampling conditions of measurement from each of them.
C) The set of all conditions of measurement over which the investigator wishes to generalize is the universe of generalizations.
D) To generalize to other universes,facet theory procedures must be employed.

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________ is the degree to which a study based on a sample applies to a universe of generalizations.


A) Generalizability
B) Reliability
C) Validity
D) None of the above

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When determining the number of scale categories to use in a non-comparative itemized rating scale,if individual responses are of interest,or the data will be analyzed by sophisticated statistical techniques,five or more scale categories may be required.

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Using several scale items to measure the characteristic of interest provides more accurate measurement than a single-item scale.

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In ________ the degree of similarity between two measurements is determined by computing a correlation coefficient.The higher the correlation coefficient,the greater the reliability.


A) test-retest reliability
B) coefficient beta
C) coefficient alpha
D) internal consistency reliability

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It has been found that providing a verbal description for each scale category consistently improves the accuracy or reliability of the data.

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Which of the following statements is not a consideration when making non-comparative itemized rating scale decisions?


A) forced versus non-forced choice
B) balanced versus unbalanced scales
C) the number of scale categories to use
D) the order of the scale questions

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