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Exam 12: DNA Technology and Genomics

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Question 41

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Some restriction enzymes do not leave sticky ends when cutting DNA molecules; rather, they cut a restriction site down the middle and leave "blunt-ended" DNA molecules, which do not have any single-stranded nucleotide extensions. Which of the following is not a likely outcome when trying to insert a gene into a plasmid when both have been cut with the same "blunt-ended" restriction enzyme?

A) The gene might be inserted into the plasmid by forming hydrogen bonds.
B) The gene might be inserted into the plasmid multiple times in a row.
C) The gene might insert into the plasmid in the proper (forward) orientation.
D) The gene might insert into the plasmid in the wrong (backward) orientation.

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Question 42

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A researcher can use BLAST for all of the following except

A) to compare gene sequences between species.
B) to compare DNA sequences within a species.
C) to compare nucleotide sequences within a species.
D) to compare carbohydrate compositions between species.

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Question 43

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Use the accompanying figure to answer the following question. The bands in the ladder are in 10-base increments, starting with 10 bases at the bottom and going to 70 bases at the top. Approximately how many bases are in the DNA molecule that the arrow is pointing to?

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that results from a defective CFTR protein that alters ion flow through the cell membrane such that water does not cross the cell membrane. Gene therapy is being used to attempt to help cystic fibrosis patients. Which of the following steps is not needed to develop a gene therapy treatment for cystic fibrosis?

"Sticky ends" are

The ________ approach to gene cloning employs a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism and results in the production of thousands of different recombinant plasmids.

The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

Researchers are using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to genetically engineer organisms in order to study gene function and to attempt to help patients with genetic diseases. In 2016, a research team used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to genetically alter pig zygotes so that they would have muscular dystrophy, a type of genetic disease that results in muscle wasting and loss of muscle mass. This disease often results from a lack of the protein dystrophin in skeletal muscle tissue. Researchers sometimes develop animal models of diseases so that they can develop therapies to treat the human version of the disease. The researchers compared the molecular biology and physiology of two types of pigs: healthy, normal pigs (WT) and those that were modified when they were zygotes with the CRISPR-Cas9 system (CRISPR) . The data below show the dystrophin levels in various tissues from both types of pigs. Source: Adapted from Yu, H. H., Zhao, H., Qing, Y. B., Pan, W. R., Jia, B. Y., Zhao, H. Y., Huang, X. X., et al. (2016) . Porcine zygote injection with Cas9/sgRNA results in DMD-modified pig with muscle dystrophy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences,17(10) : 1668. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101668. -In this study, what would have been true of the guide RNA that was used in the CRISPR-Cas9 system?

Genome sequence analysis suggests that Neanderthals

________ are a major source of restriction enzymes.

You are setting up a PCR reaction and add a primer for one end of the target sequence, but you forget to add the primer for the other end of the target sequence. If you added the other necessary components, what do you expect to observe after running the PCR reaction for 40 cycles?

Which step in this process requires use of restriction enzymes?

Which of the following statements about nucleic acid probes is false?

Four decades after the end of the Vietnam War, the remains of an Air Force pilot were discovered and returned to the United States. A search of Air Force records identified three families to which the remains might possibly belong. Each family had a surviving twin of a missing service member. The following STR profiles were obtained from the remains of the pilot and the surviving twins from the three families. -Based on analysis of the STR sites shown, does the missing pilot belong to any of these three families?

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that most severely affects the lungs and respiratory tract. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the gene for the protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) , which regulates the movement of chloride and sodium ions across epithelial cell membranes. When the CFTR gene is mutated in cystic fibrosis, the defective CFTR protein cannot transport ions properly, which results in too little water drawn across the membrane and the buildup of thick and sticky (viscous) mucus, especially in the airways. This leads to difficulty of breathing, frequent lung infections, and ultimately death. Research has shown that some of the increased thickness and viscosity of the mucus in the respiratory tract is due to the presence of human DNA. If DNA is present in high concentrations in solution, the DNA molecules can get entangled and lead to a thick, viscous solution. To combat this, pharmaceutical companies have developed recombinant forms of the human deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) protein. DNase I, after being translated and modified with sugar groups, is normally produced in human cells and possibly plays a role in DNA breakdown during apoptosis (programmed cell death) . -If recombinant DNase I is added to a vial of respiratory secretions from a cystic fibrosis patient, which of the following results would indicate that the recombinant DNase I is functional?

The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with

When cloning a gene, one of the steps is to use restriction enzymes to insert the gene of interest into a vector. If you separated the empty vector (the vector without the gene of interest) and the cloned vector (the vector that has the gene of interest added) using agarose gel electrophoresis, what do you expect to observe on the agarose gel if both vectors are loaded at the same position at the top of the gel?

In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plasmid is